동아시아 민주주의 국가에서 복지체제의 공정성에 대한 인식과 민주적지지: 일본, 대만, 한국의 비교
Perceived Fairness of the Welfare Systems and Democratic Support in Three East Asian Democracies: Comparing Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
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이 글의 목적은 아시아 바로미터 가장 최근 조사인 4차 조사를 활용하여 동아시아 3국 시민들의 복지체제 공정성에 대한 평가가 시민들의 민주적 지지에 미치는 영향을 분석하는것이다. 시민들의 민주적 지지 결정요인을 분석한 많은 앞선 연구가 있었지만 소수의 연구만이 복지체제에 대한 시민들의 평가가 민주주의 체제에 대한 지지에 미치는 영향에 주목했다. 더구나, 일본, 한국, 대만과 같은 동아시아 민주주의 국가들에서 복지체제의 공성성의 영향에 대한 학문적 관심은 매우 적었다. 이 연구의 경험분석 결과는 민주주의 실제를 측정하는 변수인 민주주의 만족 결정요인으로서 시민들의 복지체제의 공정성 평가의 중요성을 확인하였다. 흥미롭게도, 복지 체제의 공정성을 측정한 세 차원(소득 분배의 공정성, 분배적 정의, 세대 간 이동성)의 영향력의 양상은 동아시아 민주주의 3국에서 서로 다르게 나타났다. 일본에서는 복지 체제의 공정성의 세가지 차원이 모두 민주주의 만족에 중요한 영향을 미쳤다. 반면에, 한국에서는 소득 재분배, 세대 간의 이동성 변수만이 유의미한 영향력을 행사했다. 대만에서는 소득 재분배와 분배적정의가 유의미한 결정요인으로 판명되었다. 그러나 복지 공정성에 대한 시민들의 평가는 체제 원칙에 대한 선호(민주주의 또는 권위주의 정부)와 크게 관련이 없었다. 이 연구의 발견은 유의미한 함의를 가진다. 첫째, 이 연구는 민주주의가 공고화된 동아시아국가에서 시민들의 민주주의 실제에 대한 지지(현재 작동 방식에 대한 만족) 결정 요인은다차원적이라는 것을 확인하였다. 민주주의가 공고화 단계를 달성한 동아시아 국가의 시민들은 미디어에 대한 정당 간 평등한 접근성과 선거의 실제적 선택 제공 역할과 같은 선거의실질적인 기능을 민주적 수행력 평가와 연결하고자 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 복지 체제에대한 시민들의 평가는 체제의 수행력(실제 민주주의가 어떻게 작동하는지)에 대한 평가와 유의미하게 연관되어 있었다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to analyze the impact of citizens' evaluation of the fairness of the welfare system on their democratic support. There have been many previous studies analyzing the determinants of citizens' democratic support, but only a few studies have made an effort to associate citizen's assessment of the welfare system and support for the democratic system. Also, there has been scant scholarly interest in the effects of citizen’s evaluation of the welfare system in East Asian democracies (Japan, Korea, and Taiwan) relative to democratic support. The empirical results of this study confirmed the significance of citizen’s evaluation of the fairness of the welfare system as a determinant of satisfaction with democracy. Interestingly, the three dimensions of fairness of the welfare system (income distribution, distributional justice, and inter-generational mobility) differed in patterns of influence in the three East Asian democracies. In Japan, all three dimensions of fairness of the welfare system exercised significant influence. In Korea, however, only income redistribution and inter-generational mobility exerted influence. In Taiwan, income redistribution and distributional justice were significant determinants. However, citizens' overall assessment of fairness of the welfare system was not significantly related to their preference for the principle ideology of the system (democracy or authoritarian government). The findings of this study have significant implications. First, as this study demonstrates, the explanatory factors for citizen’s satisfaction with democracy are multi-dimensional. Additionally, citizen’s evaluation of welfare system are strongly and significantly associated with their evaluation of regime performance; and that is, how democracy works.
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