고양 원각사 목조지장보살좌상과 조각승 성수

Abstract

This paper is a study on Monk Seongsu(性修), which produced Wooden Seated Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva housed in Wongaksa Temple in Goyang. While identifying the species and dating the woods of the Bodhisattva at the request of the temple in May 2018, a manuscript written on the floor was identified and was used as a standard work for the study of the Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva in the late Joseon Period. The Wooden Seated Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva is a 45cm-tall, small and medium-sized statue with a bald head. The Bodhisattva's upper body is slightly extended forward, and the two hands, which are made separately from the body, are placed against the thumb and the middle finger. The face of Bodhisattva has a large proportion of the entire body. But compared to the head, the shoulders are narrow, giving a determined feeling, and the height of the knees are low and wide, making them in a stable posture. The skirt are slightly folded at the back of the neck, and the skirt of both shoulders are typical of the late Joseon Dynasty. However, it is unusual that the skirt from the right shoulder did not flow down in a half circle from the neck to the waist. And one more skirt flows from the back of the bodhisattva's left shoulder to the hips, and inside it, the skirt stretches diagonally from the left shoulder to the right waist. According to the manuscript, this Bodhisattva statue was commissioned by the Hwaju(化主) Deokin in 1650 and produced by the sculptor Seongsu and Gyeongseong(敬聖, 敬性). In addition, they produced the Wooden Seated Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Muju Gwaneumsa Temple (Jeonbuk Tangible Cultural Heritage No. 216), which was offered by the Hwaju(化主) Deokin(德忍) in June 1650 along with Monk Sculptor Muyeom(無染). Therefore, the Wooden Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva of Wongaksa Temple and the Wooden Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva of Gwaneumsa Temple may have been produced as Amitabha Triad because the Hwaju and the Sculptor were the same, but later transferred to another temple. Seongsu's Sculpture Genealogy was succeeded by Gakmin(-1605-1614-)→ Heangsa (-1606- 1648-)→Muyeom(-1633-1656-)→Heasim(-1633-1654-), Seongsu(-1633-1674-) →Gyeongseong(-1648-1684-). Also, considering the timing of the activities and the status of the group, Seongsu and Haesim seem to be seniors and juniors, not teacher-student relations. Although there are no clues about the temple where the Monk Sculptor Seongsu enshrined the Wooden Seated Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, it is highly likely that the two existing Bodhisattvas were also created at temples in northern Honam, as they were active in Gochang and Wanju of Cheonbuk province, Yeonggwang of Cheonnam province and Nonsan of Chungnam. Seongsu, a Monk Sculptor, was born around 1600 years ago and participated in the production of the Buddha statue from the late 1610s to the 1620s, and played a pivotal role in the statue created by a Monk Sculptor Muyeom in the early 1630s, creating the statue as a leading sculptor at least around the mid-1640s. In 1650, he participated as a leading sculptor in the production of the Wooden Bodhisattva Statue of Wongaksa Temple and the Wooden Bodhisattva Statue of Muju Gwaneumsa Temple. In 1653, he produced the Daeungjeon Hall of Gochang Munsusa and Myeongbujeon Buddha statue with the monk Haesim. Similar statues of Buddha made by a Monk sculptor Seongsu are the wooden Buddha statue of the Jeju Bontea Museum, the wooden Bodhisattva statue of Daejongam in Boryeong, and the wooden Bodhisattva of Jeonggaksa Temple. Therefore these Buddha sculptures are believed to have been made by sculptors belonging to the genealogy of Muyeom in the 1650s.