통일신라시대 식도구 연구 - 숟가락과 의례 -

Abstract

Spoons are used for eating liquid or semi-liquid foods. Spoons of Unified Silla include some types in below : spoons with oval bowl and thin and long handle (Wolji type I); spoons with round bowl and thin and long handle (Wolji type II), spoons with round bowl tip and drop located on the higher than 1/4 of the bowl(Bunhwangsa type); spoons with willow leaf shaped bowl and thin handle (Hanumul type); spoons with round bowl like Wolji type I, and wide stem(Wolji type I-a). Wolji type and Bunhwangsa type seem to have been used amost at the same time and Hanumul type seems to have been appeared in 9th century. The fact that Wolji type II were found only in the Anapji site, suggests that this type of spoons were used by a certain class of people or it had been used during a short period. Wolji type I has been discovered not only in Gyeongju district but also other districts, which suggests that a certain class of people had used it, and Wolji type I and type II had used at the same time. According to accumulated materials by excavations and spoons from Jungchanwon collection in Japan, Wolji type I and II had been used as a set and had been made and used at least in 7th century. The Wolji type I seems to be used until the late 9th century in Geongju district. Even though in Wolji site one of Bunwhangsa type was excavated, it seems that Bunwhangsa type and Wolji type I-a were used at the same time in the provinces. It may be possible to make decision that Wolji type II disappeared in a short time and only Wolji type I or Wolji type as a set with Bunhwangsa type had continued to used, but it’s hard to be sure. It’s doubtful that there’s no chopsticks from Geongju district. Chopsticts had been found from some sites dating as Three Kingdom period, and in the Jungchanwon collection in Japan there is a set of chopsticks and spoon, which estimated to have been shifted from Chinese Tang. It is necessary to make attention whether using Wolji type spoon set instead of chopsticks was customs of that period or chopsticks are not found yet. By the way, spoons have been unearthed primarily in places in Geongju district which related to water such as artificial lake named Wolji and wells. For Wolji, it is not known how a spoon was unearthed. On the other hand, in situ spoons from the wells were buried while the wells were destroyed intensionally. The people of Silla believed that dragons live under the water like well, and progenitor of Silla dynasty was born from the well, and well is symbolized royal palace. And therefore it is estimated that when they destroyed the well, they appeased spirits by celebrating closing ceremony and burying ritual items. During the Three Kingdom period and Unified Silla period reservoirs were built in fortresses to prepare for defense. Scissors, swords, horse gears and farming tools have been unearthed in reservoirs sites and all above-mentioned item categories were found in Wolji site. Therefore it is estimated that unearthed weapons and horse gear which symbolize military power in reservoirs were buried as a result of memorial services. Spoons, scissors etc. were dedicated to a dragon that was believed to live under the reservoir and take water control, when people held ceremonies for calling rains and good harvest. Busosan relic and Pyeongsan relic are estimates to have been used for ritual purpose. Sunghwangsa temple was located on the top of the Mt.Busosan and Pyeongsan relic seems to be located in Sungwhang fortress in Sansungri, which implies that they might be a ritual offering. It is estimated that spoons were devoted to dragon or deities for bumper harvest as well as they were used as a dinnerware for people during Unified Silla period.