On the semantics of an even-based polarity sensitive item, wh-(N)-lato
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In this paper, we study the semantics of even-based polarity sensitive items (PSIs) in Korean that are composed of wh-indeterminates and even-corresponding particles. Korean has two types of particles, -to and –lato, alleged to correspond to –even. Upon examination of their interpretational and distributional properties, however, we suggest that –lato does not correspond to a sub-type of the English even (contra An (2007)), but rather is one of the concessive scalar particles introduced in the work of Crnic (2011a, b). We argue that -lato is morphologically complex, inducing two sentential operators, AT LEAST and EVEN, following the analysis of Crnic (2011a, b) on *magari. This line of argument successfully explains the four characteristic properties of –lato laid out in this paper. Unlike –lato, examination of –to phrases confirms that –to is a sub-type of even. Once the meanings of –to and –lato are identified, our main concern shifts to the combination of wh-indeterminates plus –lato. The second part of this paper addresses the meaning of a bare wh-indeterminate in bidimensional semantics and the problem that occurs when a sentence with a wh-indeterminate becomes the argument of focus-sensitive operator, AT LEAST. A sentence with a wh-indeterminate in its bare form lacks an ordinary meaning, and instead has only an alternative meaning (= a set of alternatives). Considering the definition of AT LEAST, which involves two types of arguments—a prejacent and a set of alternatives—as suggested by Crnic (2011a, b), the meaning of a wh-indeterminate as forming a set of alternatives cannot form a proper argument of AT LEAST. To remedy this problem, we employ a covert existential operator, one of three types of repairing operators suggested in the work of Elerwine (2019). By establishing these basic semantics of wh-indeterminate plus –lato phrases, we can eventually understand how the distributional and interpretational properties of these phrases in various contexts are formed.
Abstract
In this paper, we study the semantics of even-based polarity sensitive items (PSIs) in Korean that are composed of wh-indeterminates and even-corresponding particles. Korean has two types of particles, -to and –lato, alleged to correspond to –even. Upon examination of their interpretational and distributional properties, however, we suggest that –lato does not correspond to a sub-type of the English even (contra An (2007)), but rather is one of the concessive scalar particles introduced in the work of Crnic (2011a, b). We argue that -lato is morphologically complex, inducing two sentential operators, AT LEAST and EVEN, following the analysis of Crnic (2011a, b) on *magari. This line of argument successfully explains the four characteristic properties of –lato laid out in this paper. Unlike –lato, examination of –to phrases confirms that –to is a sub-type of even. Once the meanings of –to and –lato are identified, our main concern shifts to the combination of wh-indeterminates plus –lato. The second part of this paper addresses the meaning of a bare wh-indeterminate in bidimensional semantics and the problem that occurs when a sentence with a wh-indeterminate becomes the argument of focus-sensitive operator, AT LEAST. A sentence with a wh-indeterminate in its bare form lacks an ordinary meaning, and instead has only an alternative meaning (= a set of alternatives). Considering the definition of AT LEAST, which involves two types of arguments—a prejacent and a set of alternatives—as suggested by Crnic (2011a, b), the meaning of a wh-indeterminate as forming a set of alternatives cannot form a proper argument of AT LEAST. To remedy this problem, we employ a covert existential operator, one of three types of repairing operators suggested in the work of Elerwine (2019). By establishing these basic semantics of wh-indeterminate plus –lato phrases, we can eventually understand how the distributional and interpretational properties of these phrases in various contexts are formed.
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