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노동저부담의 잔여주의: 한국 조세구조의 특성 연구

Labor-Friendly Residualism: The Tax Structure in South Korea

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2000년대 이후 한국의 조세구조는 과거의 발전주의적 성격을 벗어나 새로운 방향으로 진화하고 있다. 하지만, 이에 대한 체계적인 정치경제 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문은 기존문헌의 미비점을 개선하기 위하여, 한국 조세구조의 일관된 성격을 ‘노동저부담의 잔여주의’로 규정하고 이에 기초하여 과거와 현재의 유형 간 차별성을 규명하고자 한다. 특히, 조세구조를 측정하는 대표적인 지표들(최고구간 조세율, 평균유효세율, GDP대비 조세부담률 등)을 OECD의 다양한 국가군과의 비교 하에 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 통해, 한국 조세구조는 과거의 발전주의적 특수유형을 벗어나 영어권 국가의 잔여주의와 남유럽 국가의 노동저부담 이원주의가 결합된 보다 일반화된 유형으로 진화하고 있음을 보여준다.

Abstract

Over the last past decades, the tax structure in South Korea has experienced notable changes that have gone beyond the previous framework of fiscal developmentalism. Existing studies have not yet provided thorough accounts of these new developments. In an effort to fill in this gap of research, the present study seeks to define new characteristics of the tax structure in South Korea, along with its long-lasting historical features. It finds the Korean tax structure presents a consistent pattern of ‘labor-friendly residualism.’ Within this overall feature, a new tax structure has emerged out of the previous developmentalist variant. In particular, it has increasingly turned to a hybrid model of existing OECD cases: residualism from English-speaking countries and labor-friendly dualism from Southern European countries. The author demonstrates the validity of these claims by examining various tax indicators (such as marginal statutory rates, average effective rates, and tax burdens as % of GDP) in comparison with other representative OECD cases.

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