기후변화 관련 국제해양법재판소 재판 동향 검토 - ITLOS 기후변화에 관한 권고적 의견 사건(사건번호 31)에 관한 평석 -
A Commentary on the ITLOS Case No. 31, Request for an Advisory Opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law, Advisory Opinion, 21 May 2024
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2024년 5월 21일 국제해양법재판소(International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 이하 ITLOS)는 기후변화에 관한 권고적 의견을 내렸다. 이번 권고적 의견 사건은 ITLOS 전원재판부가 유엔해양법협약의 해석 및 적용에 관한 법률 문제와 관련하여 권고적 의견을 내릴 수 있는 재판관할권을 가진다는 점을 다시 한번 확인하였다는 절차법 상 의의가 있다. 내용적으로는 기후변화 문제에 대해서 유엔해양법협약이 규범력을 발휘할 수 있다는 점을 해양환경 보호 및 보전에 관한 제12부 아래 개별 조항의 해석론을 통하여 보여주었다. 이는 유엔해양법협약이 살아있는 법으로서 변화하는 상황에 맞추어 그 규범적 효력을 유지할 수 있다는 점을 제시한 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 유엔기후변화협약 및 파리협정은 기후변화 대응을 조약의 대상 및 목적으로 명시적으로 제시하고 있지만 기후변화에 가장 큰 역할을 하고 있는 해양의 역할을 전혀 인식하지 못하고 있다. 과학의 발전으로 이산화탄소를 비롯한 온실가스의 최대 흡수원으로서의 해양 역할을 무시할 수 없게 되자, 유엔해양법협약이 지구 온난화를 포함한 기후변화와 관련하여 규범력을 가지는 것과 더불어 유엔해양법협약과 유엔기후변화협약 체제 사이의 관계를 정립하는 것이 향후 기후변화 대응에 있어서 매우 중요한 핵심 과제가 되었다. 이번 ITLOS 권고적 의견은 재판 대상 규범이 유엔해양법협약이라는 한계가 있었기 때문에 유엔해양법협약을 중심으로 그 법적 의견을 제시하였다는 점에서 절차 개시 당시부터 규범의 고찰 범위에 있어서 한계가 있다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 유엔해양법협약이 파리협정 등을 참조하여 기후변화에 관한 규범적 대응이 가능하다는 점을 보여준 것 이외에도, 국제법의 파편화 문제를 딛고 두 규범이 규범 조화적으로 해석 및 적용될 수 있다는 점을 보여주었다는 의의를 가지고 있다. 내용적으로 유엔해양법협약 제12부의 개별 규정의 내용이 무엇인지 실질적인 해석 내용을 제시한 주석서의 역할을 할 것으로 기대되며, 앞으로 제기될 수 있는 해양환경오염 사건에서 제12부의 개별 규정에 대한 해석의 지침을 제공하는 선례로서의 역할을 할 것으로 기대된다. 또한 이번 ITLOS 권고적 의견이 유지한 환경 보호를 위한 규범적으로 진일보한 해석론은 또한 기후변화와 관련된 추후 두 개의 국제 법원, 즉 미주인권재판소와 국제사법재판소에서의 권고적 의견 절차에 대해서도 상당한 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상된다.
Abstract
On May 21, 2024, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) delibered the advisory opinion on climate change. Through this advisory opinion, ITLOS once again confirms that ITLOS has the general jurisdiction of the advisory opinions of the full court on legal problems concerning the interpretation and application of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). And on the substative matter, this advisory opinion showed that the UNCLOS could have normative and regulative competence on climate change issues, and in this regard, it presented the interpretative methodology of Part XII on the protection and preservation of the marine environment. This showed that the UNCLOS is a living treay and can maintain its normative effect following changing circumstances. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement explicitly state that responding to climate change is their object and purpose, but it is not well recognized the role of the ocean. Even the drafters of the UNCLOS did not recognize its importancd during draft. However, with the scienctific devleopment in the uderstanding of climate change mechanism, it is reported that the role of the ocean as the largest sink for greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide should not be ignored to respond climate change. With this understanding, it is important for the achievement of organized climage change response to make the UNCLOS normative effect in relation to climate change including global warming and to establish a proper legal nexus between these two normative systems. This ITLOS advisory opinion presented its legal opinion centered on the UNCLOS because the subject matter of advisory opinion is the interpreation and application of the UNCLOS. Together, this adviosory opinion, in addition to showing that the UNCLOS can provide normative responses to climate change by referring to the Paris Agreement, also showed that the two treaty systems can be interpreted and applied with a cooperative and coordinated measures, overcoming the problem of fragmentation of international law. As a legal contribution of it, this advisory opinion could serve as a commentary to present the detailed interpretation of Part XII of the UNCLOS, which enables the guideline for the next future case of the pollution of marine environmen as a precedent. Moreover, the normatively progressive interpretation of environmental protection maintained in this ITLOS advisory opinion is also expected to have a significant impact on the advisory opinion procedures of two future international courts related to climate change, namely the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the International Court of Justice.
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