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유엔해양법협약과 기후변화 문제

Climate Change Issues under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

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주제분류법학

초록

2023년 7월 27일, 유엔 사무총장은 “지구 온난화 시대는 끝났다. 지구가 끓는 시대가 도래했다”고 발언하였다. 해양도 점차 증가하는 기후변화의 부정적 영향에서 자유로울 수 없다. 따라서 본 글에서는 기후변화가 초래하는 해양에서의 문제를 지적하고 기후변화규범과 해양법 간의 상호관계에 대하여 검토하였다. 그리고 유엔해양법협약 체제에서 기후변화 관련 이슈가 다뤄질 수 있는지, 다뤄질 수 있다면 어떻게 다루어질 것인지를 살펴보았다. 구체적으로 해수면 상승으로 인해 발생하는 관할수역의 기선과 외측한계의 변동 문제, 해양경계획정, 섬의 지위에 관한 문제가 기존 협약의 수역 기반 접근방식과 상충되지는 않는지, 문제가 있다면 어떻게 해결될 수 있는지 고찰하였다. 아울러 유엔해양법협약 제12부로 대표되는 해양환경 보호 및 보전 관련 규정 해석시 기후변화에 관한 국제연합 기본협약이나 파리협정과 같은 기후변화규범이 활용될 수 있는지를 검토하였다. 이와 같은 연구는 기후변화 및 국제법에 관한 소도서국가 위원회(COSIS)가 2022년 12월 12일 국제해양법재판소에 요청한 권고적 의견 질문과도 관련되기에 학술적, 그리고 실무적 가치가 상당하다고 생각된다. 아울러 본 연구 결과는 유엔해양법협약이 해양 지구공학(geo-engineering)과 같이 기후변화 관련 신기술 개발과 이용에 대한 적용규범으로 작동하는 기초를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Abstract

On 27 July 2023, the United Nations Secretary-General stated that “[t]he era of global warming has ended; the era of global boiling has arrived.” This article focuses on the challenges posed by climate change to the oceans and explores the normative relation between climate change norms and the law of the sea. It proceeds to examine whether climate change issues are likely to be addressed within the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and, if so, how they will be addressed. Specifically, this article delves into the question of whether issues arising from sea level rise – including those related to the baselines and outer limits of coastal states’ maritime zones, maritime delimitation, and the status of islands - would potentially conflict with UNCLOS’ zonal approach, and if so, how they could be resolved. This article also investigates the potential for climate change norms, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, to be considered in the interpretation of the provisions under Part XII of UNCLOS. This research holds significant academic and practical importance, particularly in light of the request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law (COSIS) to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) on December 12, 2022. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the findings will establish a foundation for UNCLOS to serve as a relevant norm for the development and utilization of climate change-related technologies, such as marine geo-engineering.

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