기후변화와 국제법에 관한 국제해양법재판소의 권고적 의견(사건번호 31번)에 대한 분석
Analysis of the ITLOS’ Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law (Case No.31)
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2024년 5월 21일 발표된 국제해양법재판소(International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 이하 ‘ITLOS’)의 ‘기후변화와 국제법에 관한 권고적 의견(사건번호 31번)’은 인류기인 온실가스 배출을 유엔해양법협약상 해양환경 오염에속한다 해석하고 협약 당사국의 의무를 처음으로 명확히 하였다. 또한 기후변화에 따른 해양환경 오염을 예방, 감소 및 통제할 의무와 해양환경을 보호하고보전할 협약 당사국의 의무에 대하여 협약 제12부의 규정의 해석 및 적용을 통해 엄격한 상당한 주의의 의무를 진다고 보았다. ITLOS의 이와 같은 협약의 해석에 따라, 이번 권고적 의견은 기후변화와 환경보호 그리고 해양에 대한 국제법 분야에 상당한 담론을 불러일으켰다고 평가받는다. 이러한 배경하에, 본 논문은 권고적 의견의 요청 배경을 간략히 소개하고 주요 내용을 정리하였다. 또한 ITLOS 전원재판부의 권고적 의견에 대한 명시적 관할권이 부재한 상황에서관할권 및 재량권 발동요건과 관련한 재판소의 판단에 대한 비판이 존재함에따라 이와 관련된 재판소의 판단을 검토하였다. 끝으로 권고적 의견의 답하고있는 유엔해양법협약 당사국의 구체적 의무에 대한 협약의 적용 및 해석과 관련하여 법적 쟁점에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이와 같은 연구는 기후변화 대응을 위한 국제사회의 구성원으로서 그리고 협약 당사국으로서 우리나라에 필수적이며, 이후 발표될 국제사법재판소의 ‘기후변화에 대한 국가의 의무’에 관한 권고적 의견에 선행하여 기후변화에 대한 국제법 체계를 전망해 보는데 유용하다.
Abstract
On 21 May 2024, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (hear in after, ‘ITLOS’) issued its Advisory Opinion on Climate Change and International Law (Case No. 31), which for the first time clarified that anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions constitute pollution of the marine environment under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the obligations of States Parties to the Convention. It also held that the obligation to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from climate change and the obligation of States Parties to the Convention to protect and preserve the marine environment imposes a stringent due diligence obligation through the interpretation and application of the provisions of Part XII of the Convention. Following this interpretation of the Convention by ITLOS, the advisory opinion hasgenerated considerable discourse in the field of international law on climate change, environmental protection and the oceans. This paper aims to briefly introduce the background to the request for the advisory opinion and summarizes its main findings. It also reviews the the ITLOS’ reasoning regarding jurisdiction and the threshold for the exercise of discretion in the absence of explicit jurisdiction over advisory opinions by the tribunal. It further analysis the legal issues relating to the application and interpretation of the Convention to the specific obligations of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to which the advisory opinion acknowledges. This study is imperative for Korea as a member of the international community and a party to the Convention, and is pragmatic for providing an outlook on the international legal framework on climate change in advance of the ICJ's anticipated advisory opinion on States' obligations to address climate change.
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