조선후기 왕세자 상장례의 재원 마련 방식과 지출구조: 墓所都監의 운영을 중심으로

Abstract

Examined in this article is how resources needed for the funerals and memorial services for a recently deceased Crown prince were secured and eventually spent, and how such measures and spending fashions changed in the 19th century, in order to determine the nature of royal family’s monetary condition in this period. During the preparation for Crown prince Sohyeon’s funeral and memorial service, name of the Dogam office as well as institutions for crucial elements such as Myeongjeong(銘旌), Shinju(神主) were established. The King also decided to wear Jechwe(齊衰) as his mourning attire(服制) for an entire year(期年). All these decisions and settlements formed the basic outline of a funeral and memorial service for a Crown prince, and they were all reflected in the Euiju references of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon(國朝喪禮補編)』, which was republished in 1758(34th year of King Yeongjo’s reign). There was only one exception: The king’s mourning attire was modified from “Jechwe(齊衰), 1 year” to “Chamchwe(斬衰), 3 years.” The funeral and memorial service for Crown prince Hyomyeong in 1830(30th year of King Sunjo’s reign) followed the instructions of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon』 to the letter, yet there were also some additions made to said instructions, such as certain steps usually associated with the King’s funeral added to the procedure, and the name of the Dogam office in charge changed from ‘Yejang Dogam’ to ‘Jangrye Dogam.’ However, these modifications were only made to further honor the Crown prince who died during his overseeing of the government in his father’s stead, and highlight the King’s extraordinary sorrow for the loss of his son. It was never a huge change(“變禮, Byeonrye”) that could spark a controversy inside the government. One thing that should be noted is the fact that the cost spent in holding a funeral and memorial service for Crown prince Hyomyeong, which we could ascertain from the records of 『Yeon’gyeong-myo Myoso Dogam Euigwe(延慶墓墓所都監儀軌)』, was larger than prior, similar occasions. This was not because any new protocols(儀節) were observed or more human and material resources were invested in the procedure. It was more like an increase in spending which came as a result of payments (Gorib-ga) for all the servants who were mobilized for the occasion being raised to reflect the reality of the market. If we take into account the number of individuals (Jaweon-gun) used in the ceremonies for Crown prince Munhyo, it would be difficult to say that the cost for Crown prince Hyomyeong was higher (or it was more extravagant) than previous occasions. Since the mid-18th century, the coins came to be more used in monetary spending, and as a result of limiting the participation of Jaweon-gun individuals, more ‘mobilized’ individuals (Mogun) had to be recruited. That was what led to an overall ‘apparent’ increase in the funeral and memorial service spending for the deceased Crown prince. The time of Crown prince Hyomyeong’s demise(1830) was when the central government’s fiscal situation was showing evident deficits, so several cuts in spending was being called for. (In other words, it was not a time justifying larger spending.) The ritual and memorial service for Hyomyeong were prepared according to the exact dictations of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon』, and securing necessary budget did not deviate from general standards in which several Amun offices in and out of the palace including the Jinhyul-cheong aided the event financially. And resources were also allocated to the three Dogam offices to oversee the actual procedures. The overall spending indeed turned out to be much more than previous occasions, but it was not because the individuals involved in the event spent money insensibly, irrationally or inappropriately. While in prior occasions people were mobilized without any compensation, the new Daedongbeob system required the government to pay for the services of the people, and the newly required payments were what caused the increase in spending of royal family occasions.