식민시대 안데스의 젠더: 원주민 여성을 중심으로
Gender Ideologies and Relations in the Colonial Andes: The Experience of Indigenous Women
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Spanish colonialism in the Andes provoked intense and comprehensive changes in the gender ideologies and relations of the indigenous societies. Even though traditional rules based on the principle of complementarity continued to guide gender relations in the colonial native societies, its influence was radically weakened as Spanish patriarchy started to dominate the gender relations of the Andes as a whole. The purpose of this article is to explore how indigenous women in the colonial Andes confronted such forms of racial and gender discrimination and how their strategies affected their inter/extra racial and gender relationships. Although gender and race functioned as major factors determining native women’s experiences, this article recognizes that native women in the colonial Andes were quite differently positioned in terms of their access to political, social and economic resources, depending upon their social statuses. As such, the comparison of native elite and non-elite women comprises another important inquiry of this article. In order to explore how race, gender, and class complexly interacted in the colonial Andes, this article examines indigenous women’s experiences in three arenas: sexuality and marriage practices, economic activities, and political leadership. In conclusion, this article notes that gender relations of indigenous societies in the colonial Andes were not dictated by any single gender ideology whether it was the traditional principle of complementarity or patriarchal suppression. Instead, these two conflicting gender norms were flexibly and selectively combined as indigenous women constantly struggled to defend their identities not only as women but also as members of indigenous communities.
Abstract
Spanish colonialism in the Andes provoked intense and comprehensive changes in the gender ideologies and relations of the indigenous societies. Even though traditional rules based on the principle of complementarity continued to guide gender relations in the colonial native societies, its influence was radically weakened as Spanish patriarchy started to dominate the gender relations of the Andes as a whole. The purpose of this article is to explore how indigenous women in the colonial Andes confronted such forms of racial and gender discrimination and how their strategies affected their inter/extra racial and gender relationships. Although gender and race functioned as major factors determining native women’s experiences, this article recognizes that native women in the colonial Andes were quite differently positioned in terms of their access to political, social and economic resources, depending upon their social statuses. As such, the comparison of native elite and non-elite women comprises another important inquiry of this article. In order to explore how race, gender, and class complexly interacted in the colonial Andes, this article examines indigenous women’s experiences in three arenas: sexuality and marriage practices, economic activities, and political leadership. In conclusion, this article notes that gender relations of indigenous societies in the colonial Andes were not dictated by any single gender ideology whether it was the traditional principle of complementarity or patriarchal suppression. Instead, these two conflicting gender norms were flexibly and selectively combined as indigenous women constantly struggled to defend their identities not only as women but also as members of indigenous communities.
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