일상생활과 젠더정치 -소비에트시대 초기의 여성부(Женотдел), 1919-1923
Everyday Life and Gender Politics: Zhenotdel in early Soviet Russia, 1919-1923
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이 논문은 공산당 중앙위원회 산하에 설치된 여성부(1919-1930)의 활동 가운데 초기 5년을 중심으로 일상생활과 젠더정치의 관계를 해명하고자 한다. 소비에트체제 형성 초기의 급격한 변화는 일상생활에 대한 분석과 이론화의 영역을 더욱 확대하도록 해준다. 이 논문은 여성부 조직의 성공이나 실패에 집중되는 경향이 있었던 그간의 연구와 달리, 여성부의 중대한 역사적 의미는 새로운 사회주의 체제의 건설과정에서 일상생활의 가정의 영역, 사적 영역, 공적 영역을 재규정하고 재구성하려 했으며, ‘새로운 일상생활’을 만들어내려고 시도했다는 점에 있다고 주장하고자 한다. 본 논문은 공적 및 사적 영역, 가정영역에 대한 여성부 및 당의 입장, 그리고 정책의 변화를 추적하는 과정에서 여성부와 당의 입장은 반드시 일치하지 않았으며, 바로 이 일치하지 않는 지점에 ‘일상생활의 젠더화’의 역설이 있음을 살펴보고자 한다.
Abstract
This article explores relationships between everyday life and gender politics through activities of Zhenotdel, the Women’s Sections of the Communist Party. Rapid changes in building new society provide an expanded space for the analysis and theorization of the everyday life and gender politics. The works of Inessa Armand and Alexandra Kollontai on family, domestic sphere, sexuality, marriage and everyday life was exemplary of this shift. Leading scholars have focused upon either the success or the failure of the Zhenotdel to liberate women. But this article argues that the real historical significance of the Zhenotdel is how the body attempted to redefine and reconstitute the domestic sphere, placing women’s traditional family roles under state control. Of course, Zhenotdel had played important roles in women’s emancipation. But as Michelle Fuqua sees, the significance of the Zhenotdel lay in the use of gender politics as a means of spreading the Bolshevik word, of gaining access to and mobilizing a key section of the population in the service of the new state, and of extending the sphere of state control into the private household. This study is focusing upon the Zhenotdel’s attempts to transform the private domestic sphere and to spread party influence among women, goals which were considered crucial for women’s liberation in the years 1919-1923. Through the activities of the Zhenotdel, I investigated how representations of women functioned in Soviet efforts at state-building and the construction of socialist political and social order. In examining women’s sections, I found multiple, and often contradictory, conceptions of gender over how women would be integrated into the new society, that is, paradox of ‘gendering of everyday life’.
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