젠더와 린치: 신남부의 공포문화를 중심으로
Gender and Lynching: Culture of Fear Revisited in the New South
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본 연구는 노예제가 폐지된 이후 남부에서 린치가 급속히 확산되는 과정을 공포라는 감정에 주목해 고찰했다. 남부 사회에서 인종 차별이 공고해지는 과정을 남북전쟁기, 재건시대, 신남부 시대로 나누어 고찰하면서 공포가 어떻게 만들어지고 변모하는지, 나아가 ‘제조된 공포’가 어떤 식으로 사회적 담론을 창안하는지, 이런 공포 담론이 역으로 남부 사회에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 주목할 점은 흑인남성을 상대로 한 린치가 노예제도 아래서 미약했던 데 반해 남북전쟁 이후 폭주했다는 사실이다. 흑인과 백인이 한 공간에서 생활했던 노예제 시기에는 흑인 남성에 대한 성적 공포나 이들을 성욕 과잉의 짐승 취급하는 담론이 거의 눈에 띄지 않았다. 그런데 신남부 시대에 접어들며 백인 여성을 성폭행하는 흑인 남성 강간범 스테레오타입이 사실상 대중적으로 광범위하게 확산된다. 그리고 성폭행에 대한 대중의 공포가 인종 차별은 물론 린치를 정당화하는 데 주요한 역할을 했다. 그렇지만 이러한 대중의 공포나 불안과 달리 이 시기 린치의 원인이 실제로 흑인 남성의 성폭행인 경우는 전체 사건의 1/3에 불과하다. 본 연구는 인종주의가 창안한 조작된 공포 담론이 결국 남부사회의 열린 사고를 차단하고 교감과 교류의 부재를 낳았음에 주목했다. 소통의 단절은 궁극적으로 남부의 철저한 고립과 부패를 양산하는 데 기여했다. 이런 맥락에서 감정은 ‘시대의 의미체계’, 특히 ‘올바른 행위가 무엇이냐’는 역사적 성찰과도 긴밀히 결합되어 있다. 향후 보다 진전된 감정사 연구를 통해 린치의 역사에 대한 의미 있는 통찰이 지속되길 기대한다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the spread of fear and Lynching in the south. It discusses how fear was created and transformed, how ‘invented fear’ manipulated social discourse, and fear discourse, in turns, affected society by the period of the Civil War, Reconstruction, and the New South. Lynching of black men increased after the Civil War, compared to relatively a minor under slavery. And actually, the stereotype of a black rapist was spread and popularized in the late 19th century. On the contrary, during the slavery period when blacks and whites lived in the same space, the sexual fears of black men and the discourse of treating them as sexually overexploited beasts in the white south were invisible. White southerners did not consider black men as objects of fear as they administered femininity to both female slaves and male in the Antebellum United States. After the Civil War, however, the horror of the black riots expanded widely throughout the southern, and Lynching, which was against the black people, rose in number. Even this time, the fear of black rapist was not universal. Although only one-third of black lynching victims were accused of rape or attempted rape, stereotypes of black rapist worked as a means to justify lynching in the south. This paper attempted to understand the lynch in the south from a new point of view by examining the correlation between the spread of Lynch and the discourse of black rapist in the turn of the century. This study suggests that the invented fear discourse created by racism ultimately prevented the open thinking of the southern society, and the absence of sympathy and communication led to isolation and corruption in the South.
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