미국 흑인의 인종주의적 이미지와 캐리커처: 흑인 신체에 대한 집단적 비하와 문화적 인종주의의 구축
Racist Images and Caricature of the African Americans in the US: The Collective Degradation of Black Body and the Construction of Cultural Racism
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초록
본 논문은 미국 내전 이전부터 형성되어 왔지만 노예제 폐지 이후 짐 크로우시대를 거치며 더욱 확산되고 변형·발전되었던 미국 흑인들에 대한 다양한 인종주의적 이미지와 캐리커처에 대한 역사적 분석과 고찰을 통해 그 내용과 목적, 그리고 메시지 효과를 추적해보고자 한다. 이렇게 정형화된 인종주의적 흑인 캐릭터들로서는 순종적이고 충성스러운 샘보(sambo)와 매미(mammy), 경멸적인 쿤(coon), 음탕한 제즈벨(jezebel), 폭력적인 브루트(brute)와 벅(buck) 등을 들 수 있는데 백인 중심의 기성 인종질서의 정당성과 위기를 동시에 반영하고 있었다고 할 수 있다. 다양한 인종주의적 이미지와 캐리커처들은 백인 노예소유주들과 백인우월주의자들이 창조하여 흑인들에게 억지로 강요했던 가공의 뒤틀린 자화상이자 자기혐오의 시선이었다. 흑인들은 백인들의 일방적 시선을 통해 자신을 바라보는 억압적 문화 공간 안에 갇혀 있었고 그러한 ‘하얀 시선’을통해 ‘검은 자아’를 부정당했다. ‘검은 자아들’은 늘 곱슬머리와 왕방울 같은 눈, 두터운 입술, 튀어나온 입과 유난히 하얀 이, 칠흑 같은 피부색, 비대한 몸, 바보 같거나 천박한 미소, 타락한 몸짓, 욕정에 찬 음탕한 눈길 등과 같은 부정적인 신체적 특징을 통해 보편적인 인간성을 거부당했다. 이러한 인종주의적 정형화는 특히 노예제의 폐지 이후 백인들이 인종질서의 위기를 타개하기 위해 전개한 헤게모니 장악 과정으로도 볼 수있다. 백인들은 문화적 인종주의의 구축을 통해 후기노예제사회를 건설하고자하는 의도를 품고 있었고 인종주의적 캐리커처에서 드러나는 유머와 위트로 가장한 흑인들의 문화적 재현을 통해 노예제라는 폭력적 역사에 대한 집단적인 역사적 기억상실을 도모하고 있었다.
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to examine the contents, intentions, and message effects of the various racist images and African American caricatures which have been developed from the antebellum period through the Jim Crow era. These racially-stereotyped black characters, which includes submissive and faithful sambo and mammy, insolent and dishonest coon, seductive, sexually arousing jezebel, and innately savage, animalist, and criminal brute and buck, have justified the history of slavery and at the same time reflected the crisis of racial hierarchy. Also, these racial stereotypes have signified a fictional, distorted self-portrait and the gaze of self-abhorrence for African Americans which slaveholders and white supremacist imposed for their power and hegemony. African Americans were in prison of oppressive looking, becoming racialized objects of view. As a result, African Americans internalized the sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, that is, through the lens of a dominant white gaze. In the process, the universal humanity of the African Americans, the ‘black one’s self,’ were denied by the ‘white gaze,’ because it defined the African American identity with distorted, negative physical features of them. Privileged whites had an intention of building the post-slavery society through the degradation of the black body and the construction of cultural racism, and simultaneously sought to cause collective historical amnesia about the violent history of slavery.
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