경쟁의 도덕성과 그 교육적 함의
Morality of Competition and its Educational Implications
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현대사회는 무한경쟁의 시대로서 개인과 국가 간의 경쟁은 점차 치열한 생존전략이 되어가고 있다. 교육에서도 국가 차원의 교육정책이나 운영방침, 그리고 교육실천적 차원에서의 교수-학습 방법에 있어서도 경쟁의 원리가 보편적으로 적용되고 있다. 그러나 교육에서 경쟁은 그것이 초래하는 몇몇 부정적 측면들로 인해 바람직하지 않은 것으로 간주되고, 대신 협동이 가져오는 긍정적 결과들로 인해 경쟁보다는 협동이 매우 바람직한 방법으로 고려되고 있다. 연구자는 극단적인 대립구도에서의 경쟁이 유발하는 폐해를 가져옴이 없이 적극적이고 최선의 노력을 유발해낼 수 있는 경쟁이 있을 수 있으며, 이러한 유형의 경쟁은 충분한 도덕적 가치를 지닐 수 있다고 본다. 따라서 본 연구는 도덕성을 담보할 수 있는 경쟁의 한 양상이 보여주는 구조와 일반적 특징을 고려함으로써 경쟁에 내재된 도덕적 가치와 그 도덕교육적 함의를 밝히고자 한다.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the morality of competition and its educational implications. It is often said that competition is bad psychologically, developmentally, socially, and educationally. But is this really the case? Surely competition is sometimes bad, but it is not always bad. Some kinds of competition involve losses that are devastating to one person's dignity and winning which is trivial to another's. These are morally condemnable. Other kinds of pit those who desperately need to win to maintain their self-respect against one another. These are tragic. But others harm neither party and lead to increases in self-esteem for both. Certain kinds of rivalry fit this bill. In rivalry, the performance of each party sets a successively higher standards which challenged the other to meet or exceed it. Rivalry is a kind of competition where the level of competence of competitors is close, and where being bested leads to efforts to raise one's own level of competence. The moral value of competition depends on whether it is an effort to win by doing better than others vs. to win by making the other do worse. It depends upon whether the competitor want to win for purely selfish reasons or whether the competitor wants to rearrange hierarchical order in a way that is beneficial for those within it. It depends upon a kind of moral balance between how much wining means to the winner and how much losing means to the loser. Therefore, we need to establish the competition as rivalry where is neither winner nor loser and lead to efforts to raise their own competences and self- esteem for both.
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