『조행일록』을 통해 본 19세기 성당창 조운선의 항해술과 항해의례

Abstract

This study examines the navigational methods and ritual acts used by the 19th century tax carrier affiliated to Sung Chang Warehouse (a warehouse for storing tax and alike) with the purpose to enhance the understanding of people’s knowledge and beliefs of the ocean at that time. In the 19th century, sailors had considerable knowledge of the tides and the wind according to the Jo-Haeng-Il-Rok: Diary for tax carrying (Book title) written by Im Gyo Jin and Cho Hee Baek. The weather was forecasted based on the wind direction and the daily sailing distances were calculated. In addition, sailors could rather precisely recognize sailing routes and resting points to allow safe navigation. Furthermore, rainfall made them hesitant to sail on particular days. On the other hand, government officials and boatmen responsible for tax transports performed rituals for safe navigation. For the tax carrier of Sung Dang Warehouse three kinds of rituals were performed: a mild wind ritual before starting, a Yong-dang ritual at the lower stream of Geum River, and a ritual of commitment to the ocean immediately after reaching the ocean. It seems these rituals have been customary for a long time. The mild wind ritual was to ensure reaching the destination rapidly and safely owing to a fair wind blowing throughout the tax transport period. The Yong-dang ritual was to request the assistance of the dragon god in having a safe journey. The ritual of commitment to the ocean was for worshiping the ocean god to cross the ocean without problems. This paper introduces the texts of the three rituals written by Ha Seok Kyu in the 19th century, and offers a correction of the location of the Soonpoong Shrine used for the mild wind ritual. Overall, the paper provides a more in-depth understanding of the navigation methods of the tax carrier, as well as the oceanic beliefs and rituals of the people at that time.