베트남 어민의 장례 문화와 사후 세계관－중부 지방을 중심으로－
The fishermen’s funeral culture and the view of life after death in the Vietnam －Focusing on the central regions－
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어민들은 거친 바다에서의 조업을 통해 생계를 이어가며, 이것은 조난이나 사고사의 위험을 동반한다. 어민들은 불운을 막기 위해 다양한 종교활동을 하며, 사자가 황천에 가서 새로운 삶을 살 수 있도록 장례를 치르고 제사를 지낸다. 본 논문에서는 어민들이 행하는 장례문화를 통해 그들이 가진 사후 세계관을 명확히 할 것이다. 죽음의 형태에 따라 장례방식이 다르며, 비극적인 죽음의 경우 평상시와는 다른 방식으로 장례가 진행된다. 베트남 중부에서는 바다에 나가 죽어 시체를 찾지 못하면, 가묘를 만든다. 이것은 사자의 혼을 초대하기 위한 것이다. 가묘를 만들 때 사람들은 진흙 또는 코코넛과 뽕나무로 사람의 형태를 만들어 관에 넣고 장례를 지낸다. 코코넛은 머리가 되고, 뽕나무는 뼈가 된다. 그리고 베트남 중부에서는 죽음을 평가하는 중요한 기준은 죽은 영혼이 조상이 되어 황천에 가서 윤회를 하는가 그렇지 않은가이며 그 다음이 죽음의 형태이다. 따라서 가장 좋은 죽음은 나이를 먹고 집에서 죽고 조상이 되어 제단에 모셔지는 것이다. 그 다음은 사고사이지만 조상이 되어 제단에 올라가는 것이며, 그것보다 못한 것은 집에서 죽고 묘가 있지만 후손이 없어 제단에 올라가지 못하는 것이다. 가장 좋지 못한 것은 사고사이면서 후손이 없어 제단에 올라가지 못하는 것이다. 베트남 중부에서는 제단에 올라가고 조상이 되는 것이 좋은 죽음을 결정한다. 왜냐하면 좋은 죽음이 되기 위해서는 사자의 혼이 저세상에 가서 윤회를 통해 새로운 삶을 살거나 해탈해야 하기 때문이다.
Abstract
Fishermen make their living from fishing in the sea, and it includes risks such as a disaster or an accidental death. Fishermen practise religious activities to prevent misfortunes, and hold a funeral and a ceremony so that decedents enter to the next world and have a new life. This paper examines fishermen’s funeral culture and makes clear their ideas of the afterlife. A method of funeral differs according to death forms, and in the case of tragic death funeral is held in an unusual method. If a fisherman dead in the sea and his body is not found, people make a fake shrine in the central regions of Vietnam. It is made to invite the soul of the dead. When people make a fake shrine they make the human form with mud or a coconut and mulberry, put in a coffin and hold a funeral. The coconut forms a head and the mulberry forms a born. And the first important standard that estimates death is whether the soul of the dead raises altar, goes to the next world, becomes ancestor and makes reincarnation in the central regions of Vietnam. The next is the death forms. Therefore, the best death is that one person becomes old age, dies at home, becomes ancestor and raises altar. The second is that one person is killed in an accident but becomes ancestor and raises altar. The third is that one person dies at home and has tomb but can not raise altar. The worst death is that one person is killed in an accident and can not raise altar. What raises altar and becomes ancestor determines a good death in the central regions of Vietnam. Because to become a good death is that the soul of the dead goes to the next world and is reborn through samsara.
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