러시아 내전기 적군(赤軍) 기병의 형성과 운용
The Red Cavalry and Its Employment in the Russian Civil War
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본고는 러시아 내전기 적군(赤軍)에서 대규모 전략기병이 탄생하는 과정과 기병 운용의 특징을 살펴본다. 러시아 내전은 기병이 다시 중요한 역할을 맡게 된 전쟁이었다. 광대한 전역과 인적-물적 자원의 부족으로 인한 얕은 종심의 긴 방어선은 러시아 내전의 중요한 특징 중 하나였다. 적군 기병은 이러한 독특한 군사적 환경의 산물이었다. 내전 초기에 기병을 부정적으로 생각했던 볼셰비키 정부의 기병에 대한 인식은 백군 기병에게 거듭 패배를 경험하면서 변화하였으며, 전쟁 초기 전선에서 자체적으로 조직된 파르티잔 부대에 불과했던 적군 기병은 단시간에 대규모 전략 기병으로 발전하였다. 적군 기병의 운용상 특징은 기동과 화력의 결합, 타병과 특히 보병과의 공조, 그리고 전략 목표에 대한 기병의 대규모 운용으로 정리할 수 있다. 백군은 적군보다 내전 초기 대규모 기병을 효과적으로 이용한 기동전으로 전황을 주도했으나, 적군 기병의 기동과 화력의 결합이나 제병협동 방식을 따라가지 못했다. 결국 양측 기병들 간의 전투가 결정적이었던 러시아 내전에서, 적군 지도부는 새로운 전략 환경에 맞추어 기병을 운용함으로써 러시아 내전에서 승리할 수 있었던 것이다.
Abstract
This article focuses on the course of creating massive strategic cavalry in the Red Army and on its employment during the Russian Civil War. The inept use of cavalry in the First World War and the development of military technology led to an underestimation of cavalry’s military role in the European armies. Contrary to this perception, it was the Russian Civil War in which both the Red and the White Armies’ cavalries played a leading role because of two primary features: immensity of its battlefield and combatants’ quantitative and qualitative degradation. Long and shallow defense line, an important characters of the Civil War, stemmed from these two factors. Inevitably, the Red Cavalry was the result of those distinctive military circumstances. The formation of the Red Cavalry went against the prevailing theory in other European armies. At the early period of the Civil War, the Bolsheviks also had a negative attitude toward cavalry, and the Red Cavalry could not get institutional and material aids from Moscow. Therefore, the beginning of the Red Cavalry was based on several partisan units organized autonomously in the fronts. Since the White Army took initiative of the Civil War by using maneuver and mobility of its cavalry, however, the Red Army had made every effort to raise the Red Cavalry and its massive strategic cavalry. The fighting methods of the Red Cavalry in the Civil War could be characterized by: 1) the combination of maneuver and firepower; 2) the cooperation with the other branches (particularly with infantry); and 3) the massive strategic cavalry. Eventually, the Red Army won the Russian Civil War by employing the massive strategic cavalry in accordance with a new military condition.
참고문헌 (80)
- Edward L. Katzenbach, "The Use of Force", pp.277~297 (1971)
- Vladimir S. Littauer, "Russian Hussar:A Story ofthe ImperialCavalry 1911-1920", pp.107~ (1993), Shippensburg
- M.A. Molodsygin, "Iz istoriigrazhdanskoivoiny iinterventsii 1917-1922g", pp.21~ (1974), Moscow
- 이정하, "K.E. 보로쉴로프와 적군(赤軍) 기병대: 기술결정론 (Technical Determinism)에 대한 반론", 서양사연구, (49), pp.123~154 (2013), 한국서양사연구회
- S.S. Khromov, "Grazhdanskaia voina i voennaia interventsiia v SSSR: Entsiklopediia", pp.241~ (1983), Moscow
- Leon Trotsky, "How the Revolution Armed:The Military Writings and Speechesof Leon Trotsky", pp.412~ (1981)
- A.G. Kavtaradze, "Voennyespetsialis tynasluzh be Res publiki Sovetov1917~1920g" (1988)
- Trotsky, "How the Revolution Armed,vol.2", pp.412~
- Trotsky, "Proletarians,To Horse", How the Revolution Armed, 2, pp.412~414
- John Erickson, "Sovi et High ommand:A Military-PoliticalHistory1918-1941" (1962)
- Richard arrison, "The Russian Way of War: Operational Art,1904-1940" (2001)
- Mary Habeck, "Storm of Steel:The Development of Armor Doctrinen Germany and the Soviet Union,1919-1939" (2003)
- O.S.Elizarov, "ovetskaia voennaia doktrina nakanue VelikoiOtechestvennoiVoiny" (2001), St. Petersburg
- R. Savushkin, "Razvitie sovetskikh vooruzhennykh sili voennogo iskusstva v mezhvoennyi period (1921-iiun’ 1941 gg.)" (1989)
- Andrei A. Kokoshin, "Armiiaipolitika: Sovetskaia voenno-politicheskaia i voenno-strategicheskaia mysl' 1918-1991 gody" (1995)
- N .Iu. Kuleshova, "Voenno-doktrinal’nye ustanovskii StalinskogorukovodstvairepressivKrasnoiArmiikontsa1930-khgodov", Otechestvennaia istoriia, 2, pp.61~72 (2001)
- N.Iu. Kuleshova, "K.E.보로쉴로프와 적군(赤軍)기병대", 123~127
- A. Ia. Soshnikov, "Sovetskaia kavaleriia: Voenno-istoricheskii ocherk", pp.1~ (1984)
- A.S. Bubnovetal, "Grazhdanskaiavoina", pp.262~ (1928)
- Konstantin A. Khmelevskii, "Krakh krasnovshchiny inemetskoiinterventsiina Donu:Aprel’1918-mart1919 goda", pp.20~22 (1965)
- Vladimir A. Zolotov, "Za zemliu,za voliu:Iz istoriinarodnykh dvizheniina Donu", pp.214~ (1974)
- 구자정, "러시아 內戰期까자끼 自決主義의 대두와 南部 러시아 白軍運動의 형성", 학림, (21), pp.161~189 (2000)
- Khmelevskii, "Krakh krasnovshchiny inemetskoiinterventsii", 40~
- I.V. Fotiev, "Pod ognennym stiagom: Vospominaniia uchastnikov grazhdanskoivoiny", pp.135~ (1972)
- Dmitrii S. Babichev, "Donskoetrudovoekazachestvovbor’bezavlast’Sovetov", pp.153~ (1969)
- Vasilii T.Sukhorukov, "XIarmiiavboiakhnasevernom Kavkazeinizhnei Volge1918-1920gg", pp.40~ (1920)
- A. Altunin, "Krasnoznamennyi Severo-Kavkazskii: Ocherk istorii Krasnoznamennogo Severo-Kavkazskogovoennogookruga", pp.44~ (1971)
- Leonid L.Kliuev, "Bor’ba za Tsaritsyn 1918-1919 gg.S 7 shemanina otdel’nykh listakh" (1928)
- Esfir’ B. Genkina, "Bor’baza Tsari tsynv 1918 godu", pp.29~30 (1940)
- Babichev, "Donskoe trudovoe kazachestvo", 152~
- I.M. Borokhova, "Bor’ba za vlast’Sovetov na Donu 1917-1920 gg: Sbornik dokumentov", pp.349~ (1957)
- Fotiev, "Pod ognennym stiagom", 133~136
- L.I. Bukhanova, "Iuzhnyi front (mai 1918-mart 1919): Bor’ba sovetskogo naroda s interventami i belogvardeitsami na iuge Rossii:Sbornikdokumentov", pp.35~ (1962)
- Khmelevskii, "Krakh krasnovshchiny i nemetskoi interventsi", 83~84
- D.F. Serdich, "Pervaia konnaia v izobrazheniiee boitsov ikomandirov", pp.85~86 (1930)
- D. F. Serdich, "Rabochie ikrest’iane Balkanskogo poluostrova v konnitse Budennogo", Krasnaiakonnitsa, (2), pp.10~11 (1935)
- Kliuev, "Bor’bazaTsaritsyn", 26~36
- Sergei S. Kamenev, "Zapiski o grazhdanskoi voine i voennom stroiltel’stve: Izbrannyestat’i", pp.140~ (1963)
- S.M. Budennyi, "Proidennyiput", pp.105~108 (1973)
- Andrei P.A leksashenko, "Protiv Denikina: Sbornikvospominanii", pp.103~ (1969)
- Sukhorukov, "XIarmiiavboiakh", 78~79
- V.I. Berlov, "v porokhovom dymu: Zapiski politkommissar", pp.3~ (1973)
- N.Ia.Kopylov, "K biografiiMarshala Sovetskogo Soiuza A.I.Egorova", Istoricheskiiarkhiv, (1), pp.203~ (1962)
- A.A. Maslovskii, "Boevoi put’blinovtsev: Istoriia boev i pokhodov 5Stavropol’skoi im. tov. Blinova kavaleriiskoi divizii 1919-1929", pp.26~ (1930)
- P. Dmitriev, "Ispol’zovanie strategiche skikhrezer vov Krasnoi Armiivvesennei kampanii 1919g", Voenno-istoricheskiizhurnal, (9), pp.64~65 (1976)
- Maksim Gorkii, "Istoriia grazhdanskoivoiny v SSSR. 5 vols", pp.70~ (1960)
- Mikhail A. Vodolagin, "Krasnyi Tsaritsyn", pp.136~ (1967)
- F.Kariaeva, "Direktivy komandovaniia frontov Krasnoi armii 1917-1922 gg.: Sbornik dokumenov, 4 vols", pp.321~ (1978)
- "Instruktsiia o mobilizatsii loshadei, nakhodiashchikhsia v rasporiazhenii sovetski khuchrezhdeniiiikhsluzhashchikh", Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti, 6, pp.45~
- V.V. Ovechkin, "Iziatie loshadei u naseleniia dlia Krasnoi armii v gody grazhdanskoi voiny", Voprosy istorii, (8), pp.114~124 (1999)
- Gennadii A. Belov, "Iz istorii grazhdanskoi voiny v SSSR 1918~1922: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, 3 vols", pp.459~460 (1960)
- S.M.Budennyi, "Prazdnik RKKA vkrasnoikonnitsy", Krasnaiakonnits, (2), pp.2~ (1935)
- A zovtsev, "Direktivy komandovaniia front ov Krasnoiarmii, vol.4", 121~
- Gorkii, "Istoriia grazhdanskoi voiny, vol.4", 290~
- Petr N. Vrangel, "Vospominaniia generala barona P.N. Vrangelia", pp.256~ (1969)
- Ivan D. Kosogov, "Grazhdanskaia voina,vol.1", pp.162~
- A.K. Kelchevskii, "Dumenko i Budennyi: Rol, znachenie i takticheskie priemu konnitsy v Russkoi grazhdanskoi voine", 6~ (1920)
- Kosogov, "Taktika krupny khkonnykh mass", 174~
- Kelchevskii, "Dumenkoi Budennyi", 10~12
- Ivan P. Tolmachev, "V stepiakhdonskikh", pp.26~ (1959)
- Soshnikov, "Sovetskaia kavaleriia", 23~24
- Kosogov, "Taktika krupnykh konnykh mass", 166~
- Anton Ivanovich Denikin, "Ocherkirusskoismuty(Paris:1921~1926),vol.5", pp.162~163 (1926)
- Kosogov, "Taktikakrupnykh konnykh mass", 166~
- A. Pevnev, "Voiskovaia konnitsa i ee boevoe ispol'zovanie", pp.5~7 (1926)
- B.A. Toman, "Latyshskie strelki i krasnogvardeitsy v perbym god Sovetskoi vlasti" (1975)
- B.A. Toman, "Pervoe pochetnoe revoliutsionnoe Krasnoe znamia VTsIK", Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 22, pp.112~115 (1965)
- Stanley W. Page, "TheLenin-Latvian Axisin the November Seizure of Power", Canadian Slavonic Papers, 19, pp.32~49 (1977)
- A. Martynova, "Chervonoe kazachestvo: Sbornik materialov po istorii Chervonogo kazachestva", pp.114~116 (1923)
- Al’bert P. Nenarokov, "Vernost’dolgu:O Marshale Sovetskogo Soiuza A.I. Egorove", pp.85~ (1973)
- G. Vasilev, "Reidy krasnykh kazakov", Voennyi Vestnik, (2), pp.55~56 (1968)
- Al’bert P. Nenarokov, "Vernost’dolgu:O Marshale Sovetskogo Soiuza A.I. Egorove", pp.87~ (1973)
- Martynova, "Chervonoe kazachestvo", 72~79
- "Sbornik trudov Voenno-nauchnogo obshchestva pri Voennoi Akademii, vol.2", 4~ (1922)
- Jacob W. Kipp, "Soviet Military doctrine from Lenin to Gorbachev 1915~1991", pp.104~105 (1992)
- Iu. A.Zotov, "Boi1-ikonnoiarmiivraioneRovnoviune 1920g", Voinai revoliutsiia, (2), pp.102~103 (1929)
- M.I. Vladimirov, "M.V. Frunze: Voennaia i politicheskaia deiatel’nost’", pp.137~147 (1984)
- Vasilii V. Dushen’kin, "Vtoraia konnaia:Voenno-istoricheskii ocherk", pp.189~206 (1968)
- Jozef Pilsudskietal, "Year 1920 and Its Climax: Battle of Warsaw during the Polish-SovietWar1919-1920", pp.75~ (1972)
- K. Monigetti, "Sovmestnyedeistviiakonnitsyi vozdushnogoflota", pp.92~100 (1928)