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국가의 적대적 사이버 공세 전략의 기원 - 볼셰비키 혁명 직후 영국의 러시아 내전 개입을 중심으로 -

The Origin of States’ Hostile Cyber Offensive Strategy: With the British Intervention in the Russian Civil War after the Bolshevik Revolution

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영국사학회|2019.12|영국연구 (The Korean Journal of British Studies)|제42호|pp. 317-352|DOI 10.22852/kjbs..42.201912.317

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참고문헌

키워드

러시아 내전백군비국가 행위자볼셰비키 혁명영국의 대리전쟁사이버 대리전 전략the British Proxy Warthe Russian Civil WarCyber Proxy Warfare Strategythe White Armythe Bolshevik RevolutionNon-state Actors
주제분류역사학

초록

국가들은 전쟁을 직접 수행함으로써 발생되는 천문학적인 금전적 손실, 인명의 희생, 그리고 국제적 비난과 보복 등의 부정적 비용으로 어려움을 겪어왔다. 일부 국가들은 이러한 부정적 비용을 최소화하기 위해 대리전쟁을 선택하기도 했다. 영국의 러시아 내전 중 남부전역 개입 방식은 전형적인 대리전쟁이었다. 제1차 세계대전이 끝나자마자 새로운 전쟁을 직접 수행하기 어려웠던 영국은 볼셰비키의 전 세계적 확산을 막는다는 국가적 목표를 위해 비국가 행위자였던 러시아 백군을 지원하였다. 또한, 영국은 대리전쟁을 통해 소비에트와의 전쟁 패배의 결과로부터 발생된 부정적 결과까지도 피할 수 있었다. 영국의 대리자였던 백군이 전쟁 패배에 대한 직접적인 책임을 졌기 때문이다. 반면, 영국은 공식적으로 소비에트 러시아에 전쟁을 선포하지 않았었던 덕분에 한때 대리전쟁의 적이었던 러시아의 새로운 주인과 경제적 협력관계 건설을 위한 대화를 바로 시작할 수 있었다. 국가 간에 이루어지는 적대적 사이버전 전략의 기원은 이러한 영국의 대리전쟁 방식을 통해 찾아볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서 짧게 언급한 사례에서 보듯이, 국가들은 사이버공간에서 제3자 또는 제3자로 위장된 사이버 비국가 행위자를 이용하여 국가의 목표 달성을 추구하고 있다. 다시 말해, 그들은 사이버 대리전 전략을 기반으로 하여 사이버 공격을 실시함으로써 자신들의 이익을 극대화하는 반면에, 자신들이 감당해야 할 사이버 군사력 건설비용을 줄일 뿐만 아니라 국제적인 비난, 보복, 그리고 제재를 손쉽게 회피하고 있다.

Abstract

Throughout history, states have been challenged by negative costs, such as war expenditures, a massive loss of life, and international criticism, sanctions, and penalties, from conducting their direct wars. So, some states have chosen proxy wars to avoid such negative costs. In this context, the British intervention in the Russian Civil War was the archetypal proxy war. The British War Cabinet wanted to defeat Soviet Russia by supporting non-state third party actors, especially the White Army, which were desperately opposed to the Bolshevik Revolution because it could not begin to engage directly in a new war immediately after the end of the World War I. Also, the British government could successfully minimize another negative cost from its defeat in the Civil War. On the one hand, the government made the White Army as its agent the scapegoat for abdicating its responsibility for the intervention in the war. On the other hand, the state, which has not declared war against Soviet Russia, could enter into negotiations with the Bolsheviks as the winner of the Russian Civil War on their economic cooperation States’ hostile cyber offensive strategy in the information age is very close to the way of the aforementioned British proxy war. As shown in short cases of this paper, states employ non-state third parties for hostile cyber operations to achieve their national goals. Namely, while states can maximize their national interests by conducting indirect cyber attacks based on proxy warfare strategy, they can easily avoid expected negative costs, such as military expenditures on cyber buildup and international criticism, punishments, and sanctions, from waging hostile cyber operations directly.

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