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1960년대 미국의 對중국 군사공격계획

The U.S. military plan to attack China in the 1960s

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본 논문은 “미국은 왜 중국에 대한 군사공격을 계획하고 철회했는가?”를 연구질문으로 제기한다. 구체적으로는 미국이 어떤 군사적 옵션을 검토하고 있었으며, 군사행동을 결정하는 요인은 무엇인가의 질문을 포함한다. 이를 위해, 미국이 임박한 중국의 핵위협에 대해 선택할 수 있었던 방안은 무엇이 있었는지 검토해보고, 군사행동의 수립과정은 무엇이며 결정요인은 무엇인지, 철회를 결정하고 요인을 무엇인지를 살펴본다. 마지막으로는 현재 한반도 상황에 주는 함의는 무엇인가를 차례로 살펴보면서 논의를 진행하고자 한다. 중국의 핵개발은 단기적으로 미국의 이익을 감소시키고 현상을 변경할 수 있다는 점에서 핵확산으로 인한 미국의 안정성은 크게 위협받았다. 지역 동맹국들을 군사적, 심리적으로 위협할 뿐만 아니라 이미 핵독점이 무산된 상황에서 대소진영에 대한 핵우위마저 빼앗길 것을 우려했기 때문이다. 다른 한편으로 중국의 역량은 크지 않았고, 비확산 정책의 실현 가능성은 상대적으로 높았다. 중국의 국가능력은 미국의 군사력에 미칠 수 없었으며, 중국의 핵개발의지는 컸지만 여전히 핵실험 초기 단계에 있었다는 점에서 미국의 군사공격을 통한 핵시설 파괴는 구체적으로 고려되었다. 그러나 미국의 군사공격 계획은 실행되지 않았고 중국의 핵개발을 저지하려는 노력은 실패했지만, 미국은 중국을 NPT체제로 이끌면서 책임있는 행동을 하도록 유도했고 높은 수준의 상호신뢰를 형성하게 되었다.

Abstract

This paper aims to examine “Why did the United States plan a military attack on China?” Specifically, what military options were the US considering and what factors determine US military action? To this end, this paper first examines the options that the United States has been able to choose theoretically for the imminent nuclear threat from China, and what are the options and the decision making process of establishing the military action actually considered and what are their determinants? Secondly, it analyses that the change in the strategic interests of the U.S. had led to this conversion of non-proliferation policy which coerced China to join the NPT regime. China’s nuclear development, in the short term, was threatening the further proliferation of nuclear weapons and the stability of the United States. Not only threatening the US allies militarily and psychologically, but also US worried that it would lose the nuclear superiority to USSR camps when the nuclear monopolies had already been lost. On the other hand, China’s capacity was not strong and the US nonproliferation policies were likely to be successful. China’s national capabilities could not fit the US military capabilities, and China’s nuclear development was still in the early stages. It was the reason why the US military attack on Chinese nuclear facilities was specifically considered. Eventually, of course, the US military attack plan was not implemented and efforts to stop China’s nuclear development failed, but the US led China to the NPT regime, and led to her responsible action and a high level of mutual trust.

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