이라크 전쟁을 통해 본 미군의 전시(戰時) 문화재 보호의 한계와 제국주의
The Limits of Protecting Cultural Properties of the US in Armed Conflict through the Iraq War and Imperialism
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전시 문화재 보호를 위한 국제사회의 노력은 주로 전쟁의 경험 속에서 발전해 왔다. 그리고 마침내 20세기 전반기의 제1, 2차 세계대전을 거치면서 종전 이후 그동안의 논의를 종합한 포괄적인 국제법이 제정되었다. 이것이 바로 유네스코가 주도한 이 <1954년 헤이그 협약(전시 문화재 보호에 관한 협약>은 전시 문화재 보호를 위한 최초의 포괄적 국제조약이다. 하지만 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 여전히 문화재 파괴와 약탈이 세계 곳곳의 분쟁 지역에서 일어나고 있다. 특히 2003년 3월 20일에 미국의 이라크 침공으로 시작된 이라크 전쟁의 발발은 전시 문화재 보호에 대한 경각심을 다시금 일깨워 주는 결정적인 계기가 되었다. 당시 발생한 이라크박물관을 비롯한 바그다드 곳곳의 문화재 약탈 사건으로 전 세계는 문명의 탄생지 중 하나인 메소포타미아 지역의 문화유산 손실에 안타까워했다. 또한 점령군인 미군이 이 사태를 방관하고 있었다는 것은 국제적인 지탄을 받았다. 본 논문은 이라크 전쟁의 문화재 약탈 사태를 계기로 <1954년 헤이그 협약>의 의의와 한계를 살펴보고, 이라크 전쟁 당시 미군의 대응 방식이 어떤 법적, 윤리적 배경에서 이루 졌는지를 검토하고자 한다. 우선 미군의 가장 대표적 군사교범인 육군 야전교범 중 문화재 보호와 관련한 항목들을 살펴보고 그 한계를 지적한다. 그리고 미군이 이라크 전쟁 시 문화재 보호를 위해 고고학자들과 조직한 군사-고고학 복합체의 역할과 한계를 살펴보고, 그 한계에서 드러난 미군의 문화재에 대한 잘못된 인식을 비판할 것이다. 그리고 21세기 미군의 전시 문화재 보호에 대한 태도가 19세기 식 제국주의와 유사함을 지적하면서, 과거 제국들과 마찬가지로 미국 또한 초강대국으로서 힘의 논리로 문화재를 대하고 있음을 주장한다.
Abstract
The efforts of the international communities to protect the cultural properties in armed conflict have mainly developed in the experience of war. Finally, after the First and Second World Wars of the first half of the 20th century, a comprehensive international law was enacted that take together the discussions since the end of the war. This is the first comprehensive international treaty for the protection of cultural property in conflict, which was ‘Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954’ initiated by UNESCO. Despite these efforts, however, destruction and looting of cultural property still have taken place in disputed areas around the world. In particular, the outbreak of the Iraq war, which started with the invasion of Iraq by the US on March 20, 2003, became a crucial reminder of the awareness of the preservation of the cultural heritage. With the looting of the Iraqi museum as well as cultural properties throughout Baghdad, the entire world was saddened by the loss of cultural heritage in Mesopotamia, one of the birthplace of civilization. Then, it was internationally criticised that the occupation forces, the US military, stood by and watched the situation. This essay examines the significance and limitations of the 1954 Hague Convention, and explores the legal and ethical background of how the US military responded during the Iraq war. First of all, I will look at the paragraphs related to the protection of cultural heritage in the Army Field Manual(FM 27-10), the most representative guide of the US military, and point out the limitations. And I will examine the role and limitations of the military-archeology complex organized with archaeologists in order to protect the cultural properties during the Iraq war, and criticize the false perception of the US military of cultural properties revealed in its limits. Conclusively, pointing out that the attitude toward the preservation of the cultural heritage of the 21st century US Army is similar to that of the 19th century imperialism, it argues that, like the empires of the past, the US has also treated cultural properties as a superpower.
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