인천상륙작전(Operation Chromite)의 계획수립과정과 4가지 작전계획
Planning process and four operational plans for the Inchon Amphibious Operation(Operation Chromite)
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초록
현재까지 인천상륙작전과 관련된 연구는 계획수립과정과 계획에 대한 연구보다는 실제 수행된 작전과정과 결과에 대한 연구가 대부분이었다. 이번 연구는 인천상륙작전의 계획수립과정과 4가지 작전계획의 내용을 연구함으로써 인천상륙작전의 작전계획을 이해하고, 계획과 실제 작전수행과정을 연계하여 연구할 수 있는 근거를 제공하고자 하였다. 맥아더는 전쟁을 조기에 종결하고 다시 주도권을 확보하기 위해서는 북한군의 후방에 상륙작전을 실시해야 한다고 확신하고 인천에 상륙하는 것이 적에게 가장 취약하다고 판단하였다. 인천과 김포공항을 확보하는 것은 서울뿐만 아니라 적의 병참선을 확보하고 낙동강 방어선에서의 반격과 함께 결정적인 공격을 가능하게 할 것으로 판단하였다. 미 제24사단과 제25사단이 남쪽에서 정면공격을 실시하는 것과 연계하여 제1해병임시여단과 제1기병사단이 인천에 상륙하는 블루하트(BlueHearts) 계획을 수립하였으나 북한군의 남진을 저지하지 못해 취소되었고, 새로운 상륙작전 크로마이트(Chromite) 계획을 수립하였다. 크로마이트(Chromite) 계획은 인천지역에 상륙작전을 실시하여 낙동강 방어선에서 반격을 실시하는 제8군과 연결하여 북한군을 격멸한다는 100-B를 기본으로 남쪽에서 반격하는 제8군의 우발상황에 대한 보조계획인 100-C와 100-D, 그리고 인천지역에 대한 상륙작전이 불가능하거나 실패할 경우, 맥아더가 상륙장소를 변경할 경우를 대비한 예비계획 100-A 4가지 계획으로 수립되었다.
Abstract
Until now, most studies about the Inchon Landing operation have been focused on the operation process and outcome rather than on the planning of the Inchon Amphibious Operation. This study intends to understand the plans of the Inchon Amphibious Operation and provide a basis for research linking plans with the actual operation process by studying the planning process and the contents of 4 Chromites. MacArthur had become convinced that Amphibious operations should be carried out in the rear of NK forces to end the war early and regain the initiative, and he evaluated that Landing on Inchon would expose the NK forces where they were most vulnerable. It was determined that securing Inchon and Kimpo Airport would enable US and ROK forces to secure Seoul and the enemy’s line of communications and enable a decisive attack in conjunction with counter on the Naktong perimeter. Operation Bluehearts had been planned to be an amphibious attack on Inchon by the provisional 1st Marine Brigade and 1st Cavalry Division, but was canceled because US and ROK forces could not halt the advance of the enemy. Although Operation BlueHearts was canceled, MacArthur drew up a new Amphibious operation. Operation Chromite was based on 100-B, which aimed to destroy NK forces in conjunction with the 8th Army. The plan was published in 4 plans: 100-C and D for the contingencies of the 8th Army countering from the south, and 100-A in case Amphibious operation was impossible or unsuccessful in Inchon, and in case MacArthur changed the landing site.
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