영국 방송의 디지털 전환에 관한 연구
A Study on the Digitisation of Broadcasting in the UK
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본 연구는 영국 정부와 공영방송 BBC의 디지털 전환 과정에서의 역할에 주목하면서 영국의 디지털 방송 도입 과정을 기술의 사회적 구성과 정치경제학적 시각에서 살펴본다. 영국 정부는 2007년부터 지역별로 아날로그 지상파 전송을 중단하면서 2012년 디지털 전환을 최종 완료하고자 한다. 디지털 방송 도입 초기에는 BSkyB와 ITV가 주도적으로 디지털 방송 도입에 참여했다. 하지만 ITV 디지털의 파산이후 BBC, BSkyB, Crown Castle이 합작으로 무료 지상파 디지털 Freeview를 성공적으로 출범시키면서 BBC는 영국의 디지털 전환 과정을 주도하게 된다. 영국 정부는 1996년 방송법과 2003년 커뮤니케이션법을 통해 매체 소유 규제를 대폭적으로 완화하는 한편, 지상파 디지털 전환 과정에 지속적으로 관여하며, BBC를 통해 디지털 전환의 정부 정책을 집행하고 있다. BBC도 새로운 칙허장 갱신 과정과 맞물려 디지털 전환 과정에 주도적 역할을 자임한다. 디지털 방송 도입 과정에서 영국 정부는 디지털 격차 해소를 위한 지원 계획 등 정치적 정당성 확보를 위한 조치와 함께 방송사와 가전사 등의 자본 축적이라는 자본주의 국가의 모순적 목표를 추구하고 있다. 영국은 정부와 BBC가 관리하는 디지털 전환 과정을 통해 시장을 통한 전환에서 나타나는 위험을 감소시키며 성공적으로 전환 과정을 이끌고 있다. 또한 자선 단체와 시민사회단체와의 네트워킹을 통해 사회적 안전망을 확대하고 있다. 영국의 디지털 전환 사례는 신자유주의 세계화 속에서 자본 축적과 정치적 정당성을 확보하고자하는 거버넌스를 통한 정책 결정과 집행 과정 속에서 국가와 공영방송의 역할에 대한 하나의 모델이다. 우리나라도 방송산업 전반에 시장화가 진행되는 상황 속에서 디지털 전환을 하기 위해서는 전환 과정에 나타나는 위험을 감소시키기 위한 정부와 공영방송의 공적 역할이 요구되며, 구체적으로 영국의 사례처럼 실행기구 설립, 지역별 단계적 전환, 지역 자치단체와 시민단체의 활용 등을 고려해봐야 할 것이다.
Abstract
This article explores the digitisation of broadcasting in the UK, focusing on the roles of the British government and the BBC. It traces the historical account of the introduction of digital broadcasting in the UK, from the perspective of political economy and social construction of technology. The UK government has prepared the introduction of digital broadcasting since the early 1990s. On-digital (later, changed its name to ITV digital) launched its service in 1998. In the beginning, pay television operators including the BSkyB and ITV digital were major players in the UK digital market. After the demise of the ITV digital, the government's plan for the digital switchover was disrupted. As Freeview was launched by the BBC, BSkyB and Crown Castle, however, the government could plan the analogue switch-off by 2012. I argue that the case of the digitisation of broadcasting in the UK shows some contradictory features of a capitalist state, which pursues capital accumulation and political legitimacy simultaneously. The British government has deregulated the broadcasting industry, played a role of entrepreneurial government and provided people with welfare treatments. The government has been deeply involved in the digital transition, and the BBC has played a leading role in driving digital switchover. The BBC has co-operated with the government and other broadcasters in achieving digital switchover, and funded the targeted help schemes and Digital UK. Considering the UK case, I recommend the Korean government to set up an implementation body like Digital UK and plan the phased region-by-region timetable for its digital switchover.
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