징병제의 여성참여 : 이스라엘과 스웨덴의 사례 연구를 중심으로
Women’s Participation in Conscription : focusing on Israel and Sweden
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징병제는 철저히 남성 중심적인 제도로서 기능해왔고, 세계 여러 곳에서 남성적 인 시민권의 성장의 토대로서 국가가 기대하는 시민의 기본 기질을 공급하면서 성장해왔다. 여성은 징병제에 대체로 침묵해왔으나 징병제는 여성의 삶의 여러 면을 규정짓는다. 군가산점제에서 단적으로 드러나지만 여성의 취업권, 사회평등권 이 침해받고 근본적으로 여성의 의존성을 당연하게 여기면서 남성이 여성을 보호한 다는 기본관념을 결정한다. 특히 남자다움과 여자다움의 맥락에서 여성의 역할과 기질에 대한 한계를 짓는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 이 연구는 징병제를 중심에 놓고 여성과 관련된 부분에 초점을 맞추어 정리하고 분석하여 징병제에 대한 기본정보를 확보하고 우리사회의 현재의 시사점은 무엇일 까를 고민하였다. 이를 위해 징병제와 여성의 관계를 논하고 다른 국가와의 비교를 통해서 여성의 징병제의 참여에 대한 경험분석을 하였다. 이스라엘의 경우는 오랫동안 여성 징병제를 실시하고 앞으로 더욱 여성참여와 역할을 늘리려 할 뿐만 아니라 전투에 참여하는 여성도 늘어날 예정이다. 집단주의, 국가주의, 종교적 이념성이 강한 사회에서 여성의 징병제참여가 가지는 역할을 단순화시키기는 힘들다. 국가 중심적이고 집단주의적 정서가 강할 뿐만 아니라 군대가 차지하는 사회적 위상이 높은 이스라엘에서 여성의 참여는 남성과 동등한 의미의 시민권의 획득을 가져오지는 못했다. 스웨덴의 경우는 양성평등의 사회적 이념이 발달해있고, 군대가 남성에 더 적합 하고 남성이 더 우수한 군인이라는 일반적 고정관념을 인정하지 않고 있다. 정부나 정당 등에서 평등을 위한 여성 징병제의 도입의 기본 취지는 동의하고 있으나 냉전 이후 군인에 대한 수요가 격감하고 있는 상황에서의 효율성, 비용의 문제가 현안이 되고 있다. 이 두 나라의 사례는 몇 가지 고려해야할 중요한 지점을 남긴다. 첫째는 징병제를 통해서든 아니든 군에서의 여성수의 증가와 역할의 확대는 당연한 경향성일 뿐만 아니라 올바른 정책의 방향으로 인정되고 있다. 두 번째, 징병제의 운용방식과 징병 제를 어떤 것으로 생각할 것인가에 따라 그 사회에서 징병제가 차지하는 위치가 사뭇 다르다는 것이다. 세 번째, 여성 징병제든, 징병제의 여성참여든 여성이 징병제 에 대한 고민을 더 많이 해야 한다는 것이다.
Abstract
As a thorough male centered institution, conscription has been a foundation for forming masculinized citizenship and has grown providing basic components of civility around the world. Women have not been vocal on the issue of conscription, while conscription has made huge impact on women’s lives. It has related to women’s working rights, social equality as we can see in the controversy over the additional points system to post-conscripts in South Korea. Also it has been the crucial institution legitimizing women’s dependency by emphasizing the binary concepts: men-protector and women-protected This study focuses on the relationship between women and conscription through the comparison between Israel and Sweden, and tries to look at issues we need to consider in South Korea. Female conscription has been sustained around 60 years in Israel. Participation and roles of women in the compulsory military service in Israel is going to be expanded and enhanced. It is not easy and simple to measure the impact of women’s participation in the military since Israel is famous for collectivism, state-centered nationalism and strong religion However, it is not imaginable how women sustain civil membership without participating in conscription in such as a nationalistic and militaristic country In Sweden, where gender equality has reached to a high-level, there is not such a concept that men are more qualified manpower than women in the military. Even though government and political parties agree with the ideological necessity of female conscription, the decreasing size of military troops since the end of cold war demeans its effectiveness. The two countries’ cases leave important points for consideration. First, the expansion of women’s participation and roles in the military is now in trend. Second, conscription can be changed in the matter of how to manage, how to aim and how to implement. Third, whether it is female conscription or women’s participation in conscription, that we need to put in priority and discuss.
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