직업환경이 프리젠티즘(presenteeism)의 성별 차이에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구
A study of the effects of occupational environment on gender differences of presenteeism
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본 연구는 직장인들이 질병 상황에서 출근하는 행위을 의미하는 프리젠티즘(presenteeism)이 성별에 따라 다르게 나타나는 이유에 대해 탐색한다. 프리젠티즘은 중・장기적으로 개인의 건강과 직업적 삶에 부정적인 영향이 있어 사회적으로 중요한 문제이며, 남성보다 여성에게서 더 빈번하게 나타나고 있지만, 여성들의 프리젠티즘이 높게 나타나는 이유가 무엇인지 연구된 적은 없다. 본 연구는 임금근로자 2,000명을 대상으로 한 서베이 조사 자료를 활용하여 집단 간 평균 차이에 대한 t-test, 선형회귀분석, 그리고 Blinder-Oaxaca 분해 분석을 통해, 1) 높은 수준의 시간 압박, 2) 고용과 노동 지위에서의 상대적 불리함, 3) 사회적・제도적 자원의 부족 등이 여성들의 높은 프리젠티즘에 영향을 준다는 가설을 검증한다. 분석 결과, 여성들이 느끼는 높은 수준의 시간 압박, 고용과 노동시장에서의 낮은 지위, 사회적 자본과 건강권 관련 자원의 부족이라는 요소가 남성보다 높은 수준으로 나타나는 여성의 프리젠티즘을 부분적으로 설명하고 있다. 이로부터 여성들이 당면하는 성역할 고정관념, 가족 돌봄의 부담, 노동시장에서의 편견 및 불리함, 사회적 자원의 상대적 박탈 등의 문제가 그들의 건강에 악영향을 주는 직업적 행위(프리젠티즘)를 생산하고 있으며, 이는 다시 여성들의 사회적・직업적 삶에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치는 과정이 반복되는 악순환이 이루어지고 있어, 사회적 인식변화와 제도적 개선이 필요하다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore why presenteeism, which means that workers go to work while ill, differs by gender. Presenteeism has negative effects on individuals’ health and professional lives in the long-term, and appears more frequently among women than among men. However, group-based comparative studies are scarce. Using survey data from 2,000 wage workers, this study conducts t-test, linear regression analysis, and Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis on average differences to test three hypotheses that 1) work-family balance-related time pressures, 2) relative disadvantages in employment and labor status, and 3) lack of social and institutional resources affects women’s higher propensity of presenteeism than men’s. The results partially support the hypotheses about relatively higher propensity of women’s presenteeism than men’s. High levels of time pressure, low status in the employment and labor market, and lack of social capital and health-related resources are all shown higher than men, which all lead to presenteeism.. Studies show that gender role recognition, burdens of family care, prejudice and disadvantage in the labor market, and relative deprivation of social resources are producing occupational behaviors that all adversely affect women’s social lives, which requires changes in social recognition of gender role of women and improvement of the related policies.
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