시민권과 로마 정치- 키케로, 「시인 아르키아스 변론」(기원전 62년)을 중심으로 -

Abstract

It is wel known that the Romans were open and receptive in foreign relations, a characteristic that was considered one of their strengths. In contrast, during Pericles’ age, the Athenians only granted citzenship to those whose both parents were citzens. On the other hand, Rome, which had expanded from the Italian peninsula to acros the Mediteranean world after the mid-second century, opened up its citzenship, thus acommodating valuable foreign human resources and promoting national development. Comparing Rome and Athens, the Romans were more active in opening up their citzenship. In Rome, however, there was strong opositon to opening up the Roman citzenship to its Italian alies, starting with Gaius Gracus’s reform drive, which forced the Italians towage the Social War (90 to 8 B.C). The Social War ended with Rome’s victory, but the Romans were forced to take steps to open their citzens’ rights to their Italian alies. In the first century B.C., conflicts among miltary politcians led to the isue of citzenship, as shown by Cicero’s Pro Archia Poeta (62 B.C). On the citzenship isue, this study wil demonstrate that the Romans’ openes was a product of historical experience, in that they retained negative views about granting citzenship to foreigners, and became an excuse to atack politcal oponents. Regarding this isue, it wil be argued that Rome’s openes was the result of its historical experiences through the opositon and the war, and that the Romans at first strongly oposed granting citzenship to outsiders. Cicero’s Pro Archia Poeta in 62 B.C. would be suport for this opinion.