남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성의 관계: 남성 성역할 갈등, 수치심, 우울의 매개효과
The Relationship between Victimization from Bullying and Reactive Aggression: Multiple Mediation Effects of Male Gender Role Conflict, Shame and Depression among Middle School Students
1
조회
0
다운로드
11
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성의 관계에서 남성 성역할 갈등, 수치심, 우울의 매개효과를 검증하기 위해 실시되었다. 이를 위해 수도권 소재 중학교에 재학 중인 남학생 462명의 자기보고식 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 검증 결과, 또래괴롭힘 피해경험이 많은 것은 남자 중학생의 남성 성역할 갈등 증가와 연합되고, 반응적 공격성과 관련되었다. 또한 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험과 반응적 공격성 간의 관계에서 성역할 갈등과 우울의 이중매개효과, 수치심과 우울의 이중매개효과가 유의하였다. 최종적으로 남자 중학생의 또래괴롭힘 피해경험 증가는 남성 성역할 갈등 증가와 연합되며, 이는 다시 수치심과 우울의 증가를 순차적으로 거쳐, 반응적 공격성의 증가와 관련되었다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 시사점과 또래괴롭힘 피해경험이 있는 남자 중학생의 반응적 공격성을 감소시키기 위한 개입 전략에 대해 논의하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine multiple mediation effects of gender role conflict, shame, and depression among middle school boys on the relationship between victimization from bullying and reactive aggression. Self-reported data of 462 middle school boys were analyzed. The results of structural equation modeling(SEM) indicated that a greater frequency of victimization from bullying was associated with increased gender role conflict among males, which contributed to reactive aggression. In addition, the double mediation effects of male gender role conflict and depression were significant for victimization from bullying and reactive aggression. Shame and depression, respectively, also served as mediators between victimization and reactive aggression. Finally, multiple mediating effects of male gender role conflicts, shame, and depression were also demonstrated. Based on these findings, implications and suggestions for intervention strategies for victimized male students are discussed.
참고문헌 (87)
- 고광만, "또래 괴롭힘을 경험한 아동들의 공격성 발달 궤적 연구", 생애학회지, 2(2), pp.67~80 (2012), 한국생애학회
- 김보경, "청소년 우울과 지각된 부모 양육 행동, 기질 및 성격의 관계", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(1), pp.221~236 (2006), 한국임상심리학회
- 김예성, "초등학교 아동의 또래괴롭힘 경험유형에 따른 우울불안, 학교유대감, 공격성의 차이 및 피해경험을 통한 가해경험 변화", 아동학회지, 29(4), pp.213~229 (2008), 한국아동학회
- 김재엽, "학교폭력 피해경험이 청소년의 학교적응에 미치는 영향 : 부모-자녀 의사소통의 조절효과", 청소년학연구, 18(7), pp.209~234 (2011), 한국청소년학회
- 김해미, "학교폭력 피해경험과 공격성의관계에서 수치심과 보복심리의 매개효과 및내현적 자기애의 조절효과", 석사, pp.2015
- 김현주, "고등학생의 내면화된 수치심이 청소년 우울에 미치는 영향 : 정서표현 양가성의 매개효과", 청소년학연구, 20(12), pp.181~209 (2013), 한국청소년학회
- 박순진, "청소년 폭력 비행에 있어서 가해-피해의 연계", 피해자학연구, 13(2), pp.241~269 (2005), 한국피해자학회
- 송경희, "청소년의 마음읽기 능력과 또래괴롭힘의 관계: 도덕적 이탈‧도덕적 정서의 매개효과를 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 발달, 23(3), pp.105~124 (2010), 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회
- 서미정, "방관자의 집단 특성에 따른 또래괴롭힘 참여 역할행동", 아동학회지, 29(5), pp.79~96 (2008), 한국아동학회
- 신혜섭, "중학생의 학교폭력 유형에 영향을 미치는 변인", 청소년학연구, 12(4), pp.123~149 (2005), 한국청소년학회
- 안지현, "중학생의 내현적 자기애, 수치심, 분노, 반응적 공격성의 관계와 적응적인 인지적 정서조절의 역할", 한국심리학회지: 발달, 26(1), pp.61~84 (2013), 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회
- 오인수, "괴롭힘을 목격한 주변인의 행동에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인 : 공감과 공격성을 중심으로", 초등교육연구, 23(1), pp.45~63 (2010), 한국초등교육학회
- 정익중, "학대와 따돌림이 청소년기 우울과 공격성에 영향을 미치는 경로 : 성별 차이를 중심으로", 한국청소년연구, 23(2), pp.217~242 (2012), 한국청소년정책연구원[DOI]
- 정혜정, "가족과젠더" (2009), 신정
- 조윤오, "학교폭력 피해경험이 범죄행동에 미치는 영향: 가출청소년을 대상으로", 피해자학연구, 20(1), pp.511~534 (2012), 한국피해자학회[DOI]
- 최희철, "남성 성역할 갈등과 우울의 관계에 대한 기본욕구충족의 매개효과 검증:남자 고등학생을 대상으로", 상담학연구, 12(2), pp.559~576 (2011), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 하문선, "한국 초기 남자청소년 성역할갈등척도(K-MGRCS-Y) 개발 및 타당화 연구", 상담학연구, 13(3), pp.1337~1354 (2012), 한국상담학회[DOI]
- 하문선, "관계성과 우울을 매개로 한 초기 청소년의 성역할갈등과 공격성의 관계", 아시아교육연구, 14(2), pp.235~259 (2013), 교육연구소[DOI]
- Bem, S. L., "The psychology of women", pp.226~245 (1987), Yale University Press
- Berke, D. S., "Take it like a man : Gender-threatened men’s experience of gender role discrepancy, emotion activation, and pain tolerance", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 18(1), pp.62~69 (2017)
- Berkowitz, L., "Frustration-aggression hypothesis : Examination and reformulation", Psychological Bulletin, 106(1), pp.59~73 (1989)
- Berkowitz, L., "A different view of anger : The cognitive-neoassociation conception of the relation of anger to aggression", Aggressive Behavior, 38(4), pp.322~333 (2012)
- Boulton, M. J., "Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization", bullying experiences and self-perceptions : Evidence for reciprocity, 2010, pp.31(3), 296~311
- Brown, S., "Links between stressful life events and proactive and reactive functions of aggression", Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &Trauma, 26(6), pp.691~699 (2017)
- Brown, S., "Moderating effects of gender on outcomes associated with stressful life events among elementary school-age youth", Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47(4), pp.593~602 (2016)[DOI]
- Butler, A. C., "The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy : A review of meta-analyses", Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), pp.17~31 (2006)
- Bussey, K., "Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation", Psychological Review, 106(4), pp.676~713 (1999)
- Card, N. A., "Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence : A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), pp.466~480 (2006)
- Chan, J. Y., "The examination of authoritarian parenting styles, specific forms of peer-victimization, and reactive aggression in Hong Kong youth", School Psychology International, 39(4), pp.378~399 (2018)
- Conry-Murray, C., "Judgments of gender norm violations in children from the United States and Korea", Cognitive Development, 35, pp.122~136 (2015)
- Cooley, J. L., "Peer victimization and forms of aggression during middle childhood : The role of emotion regulation", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(3), pp.535~546 (2016)
- Cunan, M., "Shame memories and psychopathology in adolescence : The mediator effect of shame", International Journal of Psychology & Psychological Therapy, 12(2), pp.203~218 (2012)
- Dodge, K. A., "The development and treatment of childhood aggression", pp.201~218 (1991), Erlbaum
- Eastman, M., "Profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with bullying victimization", Journal of Adolescence, 65, pp.101~110 (2018)
- Eisler, R. M., "The new psychology of men", pp.129~163 (1995), Basic Books
- Elison, J., "Shame and aggression : Theoretical considerations", Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), pp.447~453 (2014)
- Fornell, C., "Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error", Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), pp.39~50 (1981)
- Garnefski, N., "Bully victimization and emotional problems in adolescents: Moderation by specific cognitive coping strategies?", Journal of Adolescence, 37(7), pp.1153~1160 (2014)
- Gendreau, P. L., "Developmental Origins of Aggression", pp.25~62 (2005), Guilford Press
- Gilbert, P., "The evolution of social attractiveness and its role in shame, humiliation, guilt and therapy", British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70(2), pp.113~147 (1997)
- Gilbert, P., "The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression : the role of the evaluation of social rank", Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 7(3), pp.174~189 (2000)
- Hamilton, J. L., "The temporal sequence of social anxiety and depressive symptoms following interpersonal stressors during adolescence", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(3), pp.495~509 (2016)
- Hayes, A. M., "Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy", Clinical Psychology : Science and Practice, 11(3), pp.255~262 (2004)[DOI]
- Hemphill, S. A., "Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization : A study of students in Victoria, Australia", Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), pp.107~116 (2011)
- Higgins, E. T., "Self-discrepancy : a theory relating self and affect", Psychological Review, 94(3), pp.319~340 (1987)
- Hill, J. P., "Girls at puberty: Biological and psychosocial perspectives", pp.201~228 (1983), Plenum
- Irwin, A., "The role of shame in the relation between peer victimization and mental health outcomes", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(1), pp.156~181 (2016)
- Kline, R. B., "The SAGE handbook of innovation in social research methods", pp.562~589 (2011), SAGE
- Klomek, A. B., "Peer victimization, depression, and suicidiality in adolescents", Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 38(2), pp.166~180 (2008)
- Lam, S., "Will victims become aggressors or vice versa? A cross-lagged analysis of school aggression", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(3), pp.529~541 (2018)
- Lee, D. A., "The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events : A clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD", British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74, pp.451~466 (2001)
- López-Sáez, M., "Evolution of gender stereotypes in Spain : Traits and roles", The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), pp.609~617 (2008)
- Marcotte, M., "Differential effects of state shame and self-affirmation on reactive aggression", Doctoral, pp.2017
- Mascolo, M. F., "Self-conscious emotions: The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment and pride", pp.64~113 (1995), Guilford Press
- Moore, T. M., "Effects of masculine gender role stress on men’s cognitive, affective, physiological, and aggressive responses to intimate conflict situations", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2), pp.132~142 (2004)
- Moore, T. M., "A Review of the Literature on Masculinity and Partner Violence", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(1), pp.46~61 (2005)
- Nansel, T. R., "Bullying behaviors among US youth : Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment", Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), pp.2094~2100 (2001)
- Neal, J., "Social aggression and social position in middle childhood and early", Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, pp.122~137 (2010)
- O’Beaglaoich, C., "Experiences of gender role conflict as described by Irish boys", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(3), pp.312~325 (2015)
- Olweus, D., "Bullying in school : Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, pp.124~134 (2010)
- Oyserman, D., "Rethinking individualism and collectivism : evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses", Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), pp.3~72 (2002)
- O’Neil, J. M., "Patterns of gender role conflict and strain : Sexism and fear of femininity in men’s lives", The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 60(4), pp.203~210 (1981)
- O’Neil, J. M., "Twenty years of gender-role conflict research: Summary of 130 studies", Gender role conflict researchers: Empirical studies and 20 year summary, at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association (2002)
- O’Neil, J. M., "Summarizing 25 years of research on men’s gender role conflict using the gender role conflict scale", The Counseling Psychologist, 36(3), pp.358~445 (2008)
- O’Neil, J. M., "Gender-Role Conflict Scale: College men’s fear of femininity", Sex Roles, 14(5-6), pp.335~350 (1986)
- Pellegrini, A. D., "A longitudinal study of boys’ rough-and-tumble play and dominance during early adolescence", Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16(1), pp.77~93 (1995)
- Pleck, J. H., "The new psychology of men", pp.11~32 (1995), Basic Books
- Raine, A., "The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire : Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys", Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32(2), pp.159~171 (2006)
- Ramaeker, J., "“Man up!”: Exploring intersections of sport participation, masculinity, psychological distress, and help-seeking attitudes and intentions", Psychology of Men & Masculinities
- Rigby, K. E. N., "Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being", Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), pp.57~68 (2000)
- Ruble, D. N., "Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development", pp.858~932 (2006), John Wiley & Sons Inc
- Salmivalli, C., "Bullying as a group process : Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group", Aggressive Behavior, 22, pp.1~15 (1996)
- Schoenleber, M., "Shame regulation in personality pathology", Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), pp.433~446 (2012)
- Spendelow, J. S., "Does experiential avoidance mediate the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological distress?", American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(4), pp.688~695 (2018)
- Strøm, I. F., "The mediating role of shame in the relationship between childhood bullying victimization and adult psychosocial adjustment", European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), pp.1~13 (2018)
- Sweeting, H., "Peer victimization and depression in early–mid adolescence : A longitudinal study", British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(3), pp.577~594 (2006)
- Tangney, J. P., "Self-conscious emotions:The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride", pp.114~139 (1995), Guilford Press
- Tangney, J. P., "Shame and guilt" (2002), Guilford Press
- Thompkins, C. D., "Gender role conflict and shame in college men", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 4(1), pp.79~81 (2003)
- Yeung, R. S., "Does hostile attributional bias for relational provocations mediate the short-term association between relational victimization and aggression in preadolescence?", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), pp.973~983 (2007)
- Yousaf, O., "An investigation of masculinity attitudes, gender, and attitudes toward psychological help-seeking", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 16(2), pp.234~237 (2015)
- Vandello, J. A., "Hard won and easily lost : A review and synthesis of theory and research on precarious manhood", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), pp.101~113 (2013)
- Vitaro, f., "Reactively and proactively aggressive children : Antecedent and subsequent characteristics", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, pp.495~505 (2002)
- Weaver, J. R., "The proof is in the punch: Gender differences in perceptions of action and aggression as components of manhood", Sex Roles, 62(3-4), pp.241~251 (2010)
- Weissman, M. M., "Children’s Symptom and Social Functioning Self-Report Scales : Comparison of Mothers’ and Children’s Reports", The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168(12), pp.736~740 (1980)
- Zhou, Z. K., "Bullying victimization and depression in Chinese children : A moderated mediation model of resilience and mindfulness", Personality and Individual Differences, 104, pp.137~142 (2017)
- Zwierzynska, K., "Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence : A prospective longitudinal study", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(2), pp.309~323 (2013)
