본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

집단 규준과 지각된 규준이 또래 괴롭힘의방관 및 방어 행동에 미치는 영향

The Role of Group and Perceived Norms on Bystanding and Defending Behaviors

1

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류심리과학

초록

본 연구는 또래 괴롭힘의 참여자 역할 관점을 바탕으로 방관 행동과 방어 행동을 함께 고려하고 초기 청소년의 방관 및 방어 행동에 집단에서 형성된 규준과 지각된 규준이 미치는 영향을 비교 검증하였다. 초등학교 4-6학년 34학급에 속한 890명(남학생 52%)의 초기 청소년을 대상으로 학기 초(3월)와 말(7월)에 걸쳐 수집된 종단 데이터를 다층 모형을 사용하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 학기 초 학급에서 형성된 집단 규준과 개인의 또래에 대한 지각된 규준 모두 학기 말 청소년의 방관 및 방어 행동에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 집단 규준과 지각된 규준의 일치도는 학급마다 차이를 보였으며, 또래 괴롭힘을 반대하는 집단 규준이 강하게 형성되어 있는 학급일수록 공감 수준이 높은 청소년들이 방어 행동을 더 자주 보이고, 방어 행동에 대한 자기효능감이 높은 청소년들이 방관 행동을 덜 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 또래 괴롭힘 상황에서 개인이 보이는 역할 행동에 집단 규준뿐 아니라 지각된 규준도 중요한 영향을 미친다는 점을 강조하며, 지각된 규준에 초점을 맞춘 개입이 실제적인 함의를 가질 수 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract

This study examined the effects of group and perceived norms on bystanding and defending behaviors among early adolescents. Longitudinal data from 890 elementary school students nested within 34 classrooms (52% male) were collected at the start (Wave 1) and the end (Wave 2) of the school semester. The results with the multi-level models indicated that both group and perceived norms on anti-bullying at Wave 1 significantly predicted bystanding and defending behaviors at Wave 2, after controlling for age, gender, and the baseline behaviors at Wave 1. The agreement between the group and perceived norms on anti-bullying varied by classrooms, and anti-bullying group norms at Wave 1 moderated the effects of individuals’ empathy on defending behavior, and the effects of self-efficacy for defending on bystanding behavior at Wave 2. The results suggest that the interventions focusing on perceived norms could be effective in decreasing bullying and increasing by-standing behaviors.

참고문헌 (59)

  1. 2021년 1차 학교폭력실태조사, "교육부", ~ (2022)
  2. 송경희, "초등학생의 도덕 추론과 또래괴롭힘 방어행동: 학급 수준 특성의 조절효과", 한국심리학회지: 발달, 31(2), pp.83~103 (2018), 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회[DOI]
  3. Bandura, A., "Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory" (1986), Prentice Hall
  4. Albert Bandura, "Self‐Efficacy Beliefs as Shapers of Children's Aspirations and Career Trajectories", Child Development, 72(1), pp.187~206 (2001), Wiley[DOI]
  5. Tuhin Biswas, "Global variation in the prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst adolescents: Role of peer and parental supports", EClinicalMedicine, 20, pp.100276~ (2020), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  6. Clarkson, S., "Introducing KiVa school-based antibullying programme to the UK : A preliminary examination of effectiveness and programme cost", School Psychology International, 40(4), pp.347~365 (2019)[DOI]
  7. William E. Copeland, "Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence", JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), pp.419~426 (2013), American Medical Association (AMA)[DOI]
  8. Brianna Crumly, "Does social withdrawal inhibit defending bullied peers and do perceived injunctive norms mitigate those effects?", Developmental Psychology, 58(1), pp.161~175 (2022), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  9. Mark H. Davis, "Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), pp.113~126 (1983), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  10. Mark H. Davis, "The Heritability of Characteristics Associated with Dispositional Empathy", Journal of Personality, 62(3), pp.369~391 (1994), Wiley[DOI]
  11. Casey E. Dillon, "Correcting for norm misperception of anti-bullying attitudes", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(5), pp.443~452 (2019), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  12. Fredrick, S. S., "Dimensions of empathy and bystander intervention in bullying in elementary school", Journal of School Psychology, 79, pp.31~42 (2020)[DOI]
  13. Claire F. Garandeau, "Differential effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on popular and unpopular bullies", Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(1), pp.44~50 (2014), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  14. David Henry, "Normative Influences on Aggression in Urban Elementary School Classrooms", American Journal of Community Psychology, 28(1), pp.59~81 (2000), Wiley[DOI]
  15. Hoffman, M. L., "Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice" (2001), Cambridge University Press
  16. Hymel, S., "Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective", pp.2010, Routledge
  17. Sonia Ingoglia, "Development of a Brief Form of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (B–IRI)", Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(5), pp.461~471 (2016), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  18. Jones, J. R., "Creating an anti-bullying culture in secondary schools: Characterists to consider when constructing appropriate anti-bullying programs", American Secondary Education, 43(3), pp.73~84 (2015)
  19. Carl A. Kallgren, "A Focus Theory of Normative Conduct: When Norms Do and Do not Affect Behavior", Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(8), pp.1002~1012 (2000), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  20. Sanne Kellij, "The Social Cognitions of Victims of Bullying: A Systematic Review", Adolescent Research Review, 7(3), pp.287~334 (2022), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  21. Lydia Laninga‐Wijnen, "Does defending affect adolescents' peer status, or vice versa? Testing the moderating effects of empathy, gender, and anti‐bullying norms", Journal of Research on Adolescence, 33(3), pp.913~930 (2023), Wiley[DOI]
  22. Lydia Laninga-Wijnen, "The Role of Aggressive Peer Norms in Elementary School Children’s Perceptions of Classroom Peer Climate and School Adjustment", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(8), pp.1582~1600 (2021), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  23. Brett Laursen, "Toward understanding the functions of peer influence: A summary and synthesis of recent empirical research", Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(4), pp.889~907 (2021), Wiley[DOI]
  24. Gerine M. A. Lodder, "Bully Victimization: Selection and Influence Within Adolescent Friendship Networks and Cliques", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), pp.132~144 (2015), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  25. Sarah T. Malamut, "Does defending victimized peers put youth at risk of being victimized?", Child Development, 94(2), pp.380~394 (2022), Wiley[DOI]
  26. Cora J. M. Maas, "Sufficient Sample Sizes for Multilevel Modeling", Methodology, 1(3), pp.86~92 (2005), Hogrefe Publishing Group[DOI]
  27. Marsh, H. W., "Overcoming limitations in peer-victimization research that impede successful intervention : Challenges and new directions", Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(4), pp.812~828 (2023)[DOI]
  28. Michael T. McKay, "Childhood trauma and adult mental disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal cohort studies", Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(3), pp.189~205 (2021), Wiley[DOI]
  29. Aida Midgett, "Witnessing Bullying at School: The Association Between Being a Bystander and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms", School Mental Health, 11(3), pp.454~463 (2019), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  30. Dale T. Miller, "Changing Norms to Change Behavior", Annual Review of Psychology, 67(1), pp.339~361 (2016), Annual Reviews[DOI]
  31. Amanda B. Nickerson, "Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions", Journal of School Psychology, 46(6), pp.687~703 (2008), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  32. Amanda B. Nickerson, "Empathetic responsiveness, group norms, and prosocial affiliations in bullying roles.", School Psychology Quarterly, 29(1), pp.99~109 (2014), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  33. Olweus, D., "Children on playgrounds: Research perspectives and applications", pp.85~128 (1993), State University of New York Press
  34. Debra J. Pepler, "A peek behind the fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording.", Developmental Psychology, 31(4), pp.548~553 (1995), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  35. H. Wesley Perkins, "Using social norms to reduce bullying", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(5), pp.703~722 (2011), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  36. J. Loes Pouwels, "Participant roles of bullying in adolescence: Status characteristics, social behavior, and assignment criteria", Aggressive Behavior, 42(3), pp.239~253 (2015), Wiley[DOI]
  37. Pöyhönen, V., "What does it take to stand up for the victim of bullying? The interplay between personal and social factors", Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(2), pp.143~163 (2010)
  38. Tiziana Pozzoli, "Active Defending and Passive Bystanding Behavior in Bullying: The Role of Personal Characteristics and Perceived Peer Pressure", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), pp.815~827 (2010), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  39. Glen E. Ray, "Relating Aggressive and Victimization Behaviors to Children's Sociometric Status and Friendships", Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(1), pp.95~108 (1997), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  40. Rubin, K. H., "Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective", pp.283~323 (1992), Plenum Press
  41. Christina Salmivalli, "Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group", Aggressive Behavior, 22(1), pp.1~15 (1998), Wiley[DOI]
  42. Salmivalli, C., "Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups", pp.302~321 (2018), The Guilford Press
  43. Christina Salmivalli, "Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(3), pp.246~258 (2004), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  44. Marlene Sandstrom, "Social context of bullying: Do misperceptions of group norms influence children's responses to witnessed episodes?", Social Influence, 8(2-3), pp.196~215 (2013), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  45. Huiyoung Shin, "Friendship Dynamics of Adolescent Aggression, Prosocial Behavior, and Social Status: The Moderating Role of Gender", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(11), pp.2305~2320 (2017), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  46. Huiyoung Shin, "The role of perceived bullying norms in friendship dynamics: An examination of friendship selection and influence on bullying and victimization", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(5), pp.432~442 (2019), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  47. (2008)[URL]
  48. Steinberg, L. D., "Age of opportunity: Lessons from the new science of adolescence" (2014), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
  49. Margaret E. Tankard, "Norm Perception as a Vehicle for Social Change", Social Issues and Policy Review, 10(1), pp.181~211 (2016), Wiley[DOI]
  50. Robert Thornberg, "Defending or Remaining Passive as a Bystander of School Bullying in Sweden: The Role of Moral Disengagement and Antibullying Class Norms", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19-20), pp.NP18666~NP18689 (2021), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  51. Robert Thornberg, "Classroom relationship qualities and social-cognitive correlates of defending and passive bystanding in school bullying in Sweden: A multilevel analysis", Journal of School Psychology, 63, pp.49~62 (2017), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  52. Wendy Troop-Gordon, "Predicting the development of pro-bullying bystander behavior: A short-term longitudinal analysis", Journal of School Psychology, 77, pp.77~89 (2019), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  53. Veenstra, R., "Relationship Pathways: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood", pp.135~154 (2011), Sage
  54. René Veenstra, "The role of teachers in bullying: The relation between antibullying attitudes, efficacy, and efforts to reduce bullying.", Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), pp.1135~1143 (2014), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  55. Veenstra, R., "On the microfoundations of the link between classroom social norms and behavioral development", International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(5), pp.453~460 (2022)[DOI]
  56. Tracy Evian Waasdorp, "School climate and bullying bystander responses in middle and high school", Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 80, pp.101412~ (2022), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  57. Yang Wang, "Investigation on the Rationality of the Extant Ways of Scoring the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis", Frontiers in Psychology, 11, pp.1086~ (2020), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  58. Hye‐Young Yun, "New Approaches to Defender and Outsider Roles in School Bullying", Child Development, 91(4), pp.e814~e832 (2019), Wiley[DOI]
  59. Hye-Young Yun, "Defending Victims of Bullying in Early Adolescence: A Multilevel Analysis", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(9), pp.1926~1937 (2018), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)