산스크리트 조어(造語) 접사 ‘-tva, -tā’에 대한 P. 5.1.119의 ‘bhāva’ 이해-pravṛtti-nimitta로서의 기능에 관하여
The Comprehension of ‘Bhāva’ in P. 5.1.119 in Relation to the Taddhita (Secondary suffix) ‘-tva, -tā’ in Sanskrit Word Formation: The Function as Pravṛtti-nimitta
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초록
이 논문은 그 동안 당연하여 받아들여 왔던 번역어에 대한 시각이 산스크리트 문법 규칙의 적용을 통해 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 살펴보려는 의도를 담고 있다. 특히 ‘śūnya-tā, brahma-tvam(-tā), buddha-tvam(-tā), deva-tvam(-tā)’ 등의 단어들에 사용된 2차 파생접사(taddhita) ‘-tva, -tā’에 관해 살펴보았다. 우리는 이들 접사가 추상명사를 만든다는 점에서, 당연히 ‘~성(性)’ 또는 ‘~라는 성질(상태)’로 번역하곤 하였다. 물론 이러한 이해가 전혀 틀린 것은 아니지만 우리들 자신이 가지는 ‘~성’이라는 언어감각으로 이들 접사의 파생어를 이해하려고 하는 태도를 견지했을 때 과연 본래의(또는 바른) 이해가 가능할지는 의심스럽다. 무릇 한 언어를 다른 언어로 옮기는 일이나 이해하는 일은 만만하지가 않다. 문법체계가 우리의 그것과는 크게 다른 산스크리트와 같은 고대어와 한역어의 경우는 말할 필요도 없을 것이다. 빠니니는 문법규칙 P. 5.1.119(tasya bhāvas tvatalau)에서 ‘-tva, -tā’접사의 도입을 규정하고 있다. 이에 본문에서는 이들 접사의 적용 조건인 ‘bhāva’의 의미를 우선 고찰하였다. 이를 통해 일반적으로 ‘완성된 행위’를 의미하는 것으로 이해되는 이 단어가, 본 논문이 고찰하는 문맥에서는 말의 사용 근거(pravṛtti-nimitta)로서 기능함을 명시하였다. 또한 인도 문법학 전통에 따르면, 실체에 대한 말의 사용 근거는 셋(jāti, guṇa, kriyā) 또는 넷(jāti, guṇa, kriyā, yadṛcchā)으로 분류된다. 결국 ‘-tva, -tā’의 사용, 즉 어기(語基, prakṛti)에의 적용과 관련해서는 이러한 다양한 적용 근거가 고려되어야 함을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 적용 근거는 ‘말이 무엇을 의미하는가(artha)’라는 측면보다는 ‘무엇을 이유(nimitta)로 그러한 말이 사용되었는가’에 초점을 맞춘 것임을 주장한다.
Abstract
This paper examines how a careful analysis of Sanskrit grammar rules can shift our perspective on translations that have been taken for granted. Specifically, this paper focuses on the well-known Sanskrit secondary suffixes (taddhita) ‘-tva, -tā,’ which are used in examples such as ‘śūnya-tā/-tvam,’ ‘brahma-tvam/-tā,’ ‘buddha-tvam/-tā,’ ‘dharma-tvam/-tā,’ and ‘deva-tvam/-tā.’ These suffixes are conventionally translated as ‘-ness,’ ‘-hood,’ or ‘-nature.’ Of course, these translations are not entirely wrong. However, it is doubtful whether the original (or correct) understanding is possible if we aim to understand the derivatives of these affixes with our own linguistic sense of ‘-ness,’ ‘-hood,’ and ‘-nature.’ Cross-linguistic translation and comprehension are challenging, especially for ancient languages such as Sanskrit and Chinese, which have grammatical systems vastly different from ours. Pāṇini defined the use of these suffixes in his grammatical rule (P. 5.1.119) in the Aṣṭādhyāyī as ‘tasya bhāvas tva-talau’ (‘-tva or -tā are used to indicate the bhāva of a word’). Therefore, I consider the meaning of bhāva, which is the application condition for these suffixes, in this paper. Through this, it is clarified that this word (bhava), which is generally understood to mean ‘completed action,’ functions as a basis for using words (pravṛtti-nimitta) in the context considered in this paper. Furthermore, according to the Indian tradition of grammar, the grounds for using words for a substance (dravya) are classified into three (jāti, guṇa, kriyā) or four (jāti, guṇa, kriyā, yadṛcchā). Thus, in relation to the use of ‘-tva, -tā’—that is, in the application of the base (語基, prakṛti)— these various grounds for using words should be considered. Finally, it is argued that discussions regarding the rationale for using certain words should focus on the question of why the word was used (nimitta), not on establishing its meaning (artha).
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