어근(dhātu)의 정의와 관련된 논의들
The Discussions on the Definition of Dhātu
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
빠니니는 문법철학에 관련된 개념의 정의에 대하여 명확한 언급을 회피한다. 단어 및 그 성분들에 대한 정의도 형태론적인 경우가 대부분이다. 특히 본고의 주제인 다뚜(dhātu)의 정의는 설명(upadeśa) 대신 『다뚜빠타』의 목록을 인용하는 열거(parigaṇana)의 방식을 선택하였는데, 의미론적 정의가 배제된 빠니니의 방식은 오히려 후대에 다양한 철학적 논의를 전개시킨다. 『마하바시아』는 다뚜를 세 가지 방식, 즉 『다뚜빠타』 목록의 열거, 동작의 의미(kriyāvacana), 생성의 의미(bhāvavacana)로 정의한다. 그런데 첫 번째, 열거 방식의 경우 어근 √yā와 관계대명사 “yā”처럼 형태가 동일한 단어(samānaśabda)의 경우 후자도 다뚜라고 할 수 있는가에 대한 의문이 제기된다. 이 문제에 대한 해결책으로서 도입되는 것이 두 번째의 동작(kriyā)의 개념이다. 그러나 이 경우 √as, √vid 등의 상태 동사(stative verb)는 다뚜가 될 수 없다는 모순이 발생한다. 이에 세 번째로 제시된 것이 “bhāva”의 개념이다. 빠딴잘리가 의도한 것은 동작을 포함하는 생성의 개념으로서의 “bhāva”이다. 이를 위하여 탄생, 존재, 변화, 성장, 쇠퇴, 소멸 등 6종의 변화과정을 포괄하는 개념인 『니룩따』의 “bhāva”를 인용한다. 그러나 빠딴잘리 당대에 √bhū는 √as와 같은 의미의 상태 동사로 수렴하였다. 이러한 난점을 해결하기 위하여 빠딴잘리는 『니룩따』의 “bhāva vs. sattva”의 관계를 “kriyā vs. dravya”로 고쳐 쓴다. 그런데 빠딴잘리의 전략은 야스까의 생성우위(bhāvapradhāna)의 철학이 후대의 존재우위(sattvapradhāna)의 형이상학으로 전환되는 중대한 분기점의 역할을 한다. 필자는 다뚜의 개념과 관련된 빠딴잘리의 『아슈따디야이』 및 『니룩따』 해석이 생성우위에서 존재우위로 전환하는 한 계기가 되었다고 주장하고자 한다.
Abstract
When the question is of defining notions belonging to the philosophy of grammar or of notion involving philosophy in general, Pāṇini is singularly silent. He borrows a considerable number of terms from other science without entering into a discussion about their precise meanings, thus leaving us to formulate the concepts behind these terms. Wordclass categories are usually defined by enumeration. Other grammatical categories may be defined on purely formal grounds, or again by enumeration. Patañjali’s Mahābhāṣya on P 1.3.1 “bhūvadayo dhātavaḥ” discusses definitional, practical, and philosophical issues raised by the notion of a verbal root (dhātu). Already before Patañjali, Kātyāyana’s Vārttikas indicate that this rule and the notion of a verbal root had become a subject of debates and disputes, and one sees reflections of some of these debates also in Yāska’s Nirukta. This study presents a detailed account of these early debates and disputes, mostly as seen in Patañjali’s Mahābhāṣya, but also as seen in Bhartṛhari’s and Kaiyaṭa’s work. Among the important topics covered in this study are the various alternative definitions proposed for the notion of a verbal root, namely a list-based definition as seen in P. 1.3.1, a kriyā-based definition, and a bhāva-based definition. If a root is defined as a signifier of kriyā, then how does one deal with roots like √bhū and √as, that seem to denote a state? If a root is defined as a signifier of bhāva, then how does one deal with roots like √kṛ that denote a kriyā? Patañjali argues that even the root √as denotes a kriyā. For that reason Patañjali introduces the notion of bhāva “becoming” recited in the Nirukta. that embraces genesis, existence, alteration, growth, decay, and destruction. However, he rewrites bhāva vs. sattva into kriyā vs. dravya, because the meaning of bhāva of the time has been changed from ‘becoming’ to ‘being.’ This strategy resulted in the unintended consequences, that is, the metaphysical turning point from the becoming-dominant to the being-dominant
참고문헌 (39)
- "Dhātupāṭha from Böhtlingk 1887, Abteilung II", ~ (1887)
- Aryendra Sharma, "A Commentary on Pāṇini’s Grammar by Vāmana and Jayāditya" (1969), Osmania University, Sanskrit Academy
- K.V. Abhyankar, "The Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣya of Patañjali based on the edition by Franz Kielhorn 5 vols" (1961)
- "Nirukta from Sarup(1920-1927), Part I", ~ (1920)
- "Aṣṭādhyāyī from Böhtlingk 1887, Abteilung I", ~ (1887)
- Śriśa Chandra Vasu, "The Siddhānta Kaumudī of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita 3vols" (1905), Motilal Banarsidass
- Bhartṛhari’s Vākyapadīya, "Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Abhandlung der Geistes und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse", Franz Steiner Verlag
- 강성용, "인도 문법전통의 이해: 빠니니 읽기" (2011), 한길사
- Abhyankar, K. V., "A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar" (1986), University of Baroda Press
- Ballantyne, James R., "The Laghu Kaumudi: A Sanskrit Grammar by Varadarāja, with an English Version, Commentary and References" (1849), Trübner & Co
- Böhtlingk, Otto, "Pāṇini’s Grammatik: herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert und mit verschiedenem Indices versehen, Abteilung Ⅰ& Ⅱ" (1887), Verlag von H. Haessel
- Bronkhorst, Johannes, "Meaning Entries in Pāṇini’s Dhātupāṭha", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 9, pp.335~357 (1981)
- Three Problems Pertaining to the Mahābhāṣya, "Bronkhorst, Johannes", Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, ~, pp.Post-Graduate and Research Department Series, No. 30 (1987)
- Bronkhorst, Johannes, "Subhāṣiṇī: Dr. Saroja Bhate Felicitation Volume", pp.44~62 (2002), Pune
- Cardona, George, "Pāṇini: A Survey of Research" (1976), Mouton
- Cardona, George, "Pāṇini: His Work and its Traditions, Volume One, Background and Introduction, 1988" (1997), Motilal Banarsidass
- Cardona, George, "Recent Research in Pāṇinian Studies" (1999), Motilal Banarsidass
- Clackson, James, "Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction" (2007), Cambridge University Press
- Deshpande, Madhav M., "Review of Ogawa 2005", JAOS, 128(1), pp.197~198 (2008)
- Goldstücker, Theodor, "Pāṇini: His place in Sanskrit Literature: An Investigation of Some Literary and Chronological Questions" (1861), N. Trübner & Co
- Hill, Stephen, "Dhātu-Pāṭha: The Roots of Language: The Foundations of the Indo-European Verbal System" (1997), Munshiram Manoharlal
- Honda, Yoshichika, "Bhartrhari's Definition of Kriyā", Proceedings of the First International Conference on Bhartṛhari, University of Poona, 47(1), pp.141~154 (1993), Peter Lang
- Houben, Jan, "The Emergence of Semantics in Four Linguistic Traditions: Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, Arabic", pp.49~145 (1997), John Benjamins
- Jasanoff, Jay H., "Hittite and the Indo-European Verb" (2003), Oxford University Press
- Joshi, S. D., "Patañjali’s Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya. Paspaśāhnika: Introduction, Text, Translation and Notes" (1986), University of Poona
- Joshi, S. D., "The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, Vol. I(1991), Vol. II(1993), Vol. III(1994), Vol. IV(1995), Vol. V(1996), Vol. VI(1997), Vol. VII(1998), Vol. VIII(2000), Vol. IX(2002), Vol. X(2003), Vol. XI(2004), Vol. XII(2006)" (1991), Sahitya Akademi
- Kahrs, Eivind, "Indian Semantic Analysis: The Nirvacana Tradition" (1998), Cambridge University Press
- Katre, Sumitra M., "Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini" (1987), University of Texas Press
- Kiparsky, Paul, "Pāṇini, Variation and Orthoepic Diaskeuasis", Asiatische Studien, 2012, pp.66(2), 327~335
- Mallory, J. P., "The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World" (2006), Oxford University Press
- Monier-Williams, Monier, "A Sanskrit-English Dictionary" (1899), Clarendon Press
- Sarup, Laksman, "The Nighaṇṭu and the Nirukta: The Oldest Indian Treatise on Etymology, Philology, and Semantics, reprint 1967" (1920), Motilal Banarsidass
- Scharf, Peter M., "The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā", Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 86(3) (1996)
- Scharfe, Hartmut, "Grammatical Literature. A History of Indian Literature Vol. 5" (1977), Otto Harrassowitz
- Scharfe, Hartmut, "A New Perspective on Pāṇini", Indologica Taurinensia, 35(2), pp.3~272 (2009)
- Sharma, Rama Nath, "The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, Vol. I(2002), Vol. II(2000), Vol. III(2002), Vol. IV(2001), Vol. V (2001), Vol. VI(2003)" (1987), Munshiram Manoharlal
- Thieme, Paul, "Pāṇini and the Veda: Studies in the early history of linguistic science in India" (1935), Globe Press
- Vasu, Śriśa Chandra, "The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, Vol. I(1891), Vol. II(1894), Vol. III(1894), Vol. IV(1896), Vol. V(1897), Vol. VI(1897), Vol. VII(1897), Vol. VIII(1898)" (1891), Pāṇini Office
- Whitehead, Alfred North, "Process and Reality" (1978), the Free Press