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풍산제의(fertility cult)와 신전매음의 연관성에 대한 재고

A Reconsideration of the Relation between Fertility Cult and Cultic Prostitution

김영선
한국가톨릭신학학회 (CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF KOREA)|2017.12|가톨릭신학 (The Catholic Theology)|제31호|pp. 5-58|DOI 10.36515/ctak..31.201712.5

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참고문헌

키워드

풍산제의신전매음이난나/이슈타르신전창녀신전남창fertility cultcultic prostitutionInanna/Ishtarfemale cultic prostitutemale cultic prostitute
주제분류가톨릭신학

초록

본고는 풍산제의와 관련하여 고대근동에서 신전매음이 제도화되었음을 확인할 수 있는 증거들이 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위하여 그동안 풍산제의와 신전매음 제도를 연관 짓는 근거로 제시되어 온 다음 세 가지 사항을 확인해볼 것이다. 첫째, 고대근동의 풍산을 관장하는 여신인 이난나/이슈타르 여신의 성적인 속성이 신전매음의 증거가 될 수 있는가? 둘째, 신전매음에 관련되었다고 주장되었던 제의종사자들이 신전매음을 하였다는 문헌적 증거가 있는가? 셋째, 신전창녀 및 신전남창으로 번역되는 수메르어와 아카드어, 우가릿어 단어들의 용례는 신전매음을 증거하는가? 이 세 가지 사항을 고찰해보면 신전매음에 대한 기존의 논의가 얼마나 취약한 기반 위에 서 있는지가 드러난다. 먼저, 이난나/이슈타르 여신과 신전매음의 연관성은 이 여신이 등장하는 문헌들에 나오는 특정한 단어들을 ‘신전창녀’ 혹은 ‘신전남창’으로 해석함에 따라 빚어진 결과이다. 만약 그 단어들의 의미가 신전창녀나 남창을 의미하는 것이 아니라면 이 문헌들만으로는 이난나/이슈타르 여신과 신전매음의 연관성을 입증하기 힘들다. 그동안 신전매음에 종사한 것으로 이해되어 온 수메르어 nu.gig이나 kar.kid, 그리고 아카드어 ḫarimtu, kezertu, šamḫatu는 그 사회 안에서 다양한 역할과 기능을 수행한 이들로서 반드시 창녀 혹은 신전창녀로 번역되어야 하는 것은 아님이 드러났다. 그리고 신전창녀로 번역된 히브리어 커데샤의 동종어인 아카드어 qadištu와 우가릿어 qdšt, 그리고 신전창녀로 번역된 그리스어 hieroduloi, pallakas와 pallades의 용례를 분석해볼 때 이들 역시 신전창녀로 번역할 수 있는 근거는 찾기 어렵다. 마찬가지로 신전남창과 연관된 것으로 여겨지던 수메르의 gala 사제, 남창으로 번역된 수메르어 saĝ-ur-saĝ, 아카드어 kuluʼu, asinnu, kurgarrû. 우가릿어 qdšm, 그리스의 galli 사제 모두 신전남창으로 볼 수 있는 분명한 근거는 없다. 이와 같이 고대근동의 문헌에서 신전매음을 확실하게 입증할 분명한 증거가 없으므로, 고대근동의 풍산제의와 신전매음의 연관성은 재고가 필요하다.

Abstract

This article aims to examine the known evidence upon which cultic prostitution has been asserted to have been systematically carried out in order to promote the fertility in ancient near eastern temples. For this purpose, I will review following three arguments that advocates for cultic prostitution often present to bolster a close connection of cultic prostitution to fertility cult. First, the sexual characteristics of Inanna/Ishtar, the goddesses who are known to control fertility of the earth, which are often found in Sumerian or Akkadian literature strongly support the existence of cultic prostitution in their cults. Second, one could find some evidence in ancient near eastern literature or in archaeological findings that cultic personnels were involved in cultic prostitution. Lastly, lexicographic studies of Sumerian, Akkadian and Ugaritic cognates of Hebrew qāḏēš and qǝḏešâ confirm that those words were understood as male and female cultic prostitutes and thus cultic prostitution was a well-established institution in ancient near eastern temples. A thorough review of these three arguments discloses that previous discussions about cultic prostitution are built on a weak foundation. A connection between goddess Inanna or Ishtar and cultic prostitution has been asserted on a basis of some words, translated as male or female cultic prostitutes, appeared in Sumerian and Akkadian literature where these goddesses are mentioned. If the words were meant differently, the argument for the existence of cultic prostitution in the temples of Inanna or Ishtar would have stood on very shaky ground. Traditionally, Suumerian words nu.gig and kar.kid, and Akkadian words, ḫarimtu, kezertu, and šamḫatu, are understood as cultic personnels who were involved in cultic prostitution. Recent scholars, however, suggest that the words do not necessarily designate such a profession, and rather they were used to express various professions and functions in a given cult. A brief analysis of various usages of Semitic cognates of Hebrew qǝḏešâ, such as Akkadians qadištu and Ugaritic qdšt, shows that there is no strong ground to translate such words as female temple prostitutes. The same result occurred with analysis of Greek words, hierduloi, pallakas, and pallades which were often translated as temple prostitutes. In case of male cultic prostitutes, one could expect the same. Lexical studies of gala priests in Sumer, Sumerian word saĝ-ur-saĝ and Akkadian words kuluʼu, asinnu, kurgarrû, Ugaritic qdšm, and galli priests in Greece, all of which are often translated as male temple prostitutes, demonstrate that those words are not necessarily connected to cultic prostitution. As such, one could not find strong evidence to prove cultic prostitution in ancient Near East. Therefore, it is necessary to re-evaluate a common argument for a possible connection between fertility cult and cultic prostitution.

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