나치 독일 치하 유대계 여성들의 상호 원조와 저항 활동 - 라벤스브뤼크 수용소를 중심으로 -
Mutual Aid and Resistance of Jewish Women under Nazi Germany - Focused on the Ravensbrück Concentration Camp
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초록
홀로코스트 연구에서 라벤스브뤼크는 아우슈비츠와 더불어 각별한 주목을 받아왔다. 그 이유는 라벤스브뤼크가 여성전용 수용소였다는 사실에 국한되지 않는다. 후기의 라벤스브뤼크는 격리·노동·절멸의 목표가 동시에 실행된 복합수용소였기 때문에, 홀로코스트 시기 여성의 경험과 기억을 파악하기에 적합한 장소다. 라벤스브뤼크는 또한 이차대전이 끝날 무렵 스웨덴과 덴마크가 주도한 대규모 구조작전의 주 대상지였다는 점에서도 주목할 가치가 있다. 이 글은 먼저 이제까지의 연구 성과를 토대로 라벤스브뤼크 수용소의 위상과 특성을 검토한다. 다음에는 이차대전의 경과 속에서 변화를 겪은 라벤스브뤼크의 생활환경과 수용소 내 유대인 여성들의 연대와 조직 형성을 살펴본다. 마지막에서는 유대인 여성 수감자들이 생존을 위해 전개한 자조와 저항 활동의 양태와 의미를 확인한다. 이 글은 라벤스브뤼크의 엄혹한 환경을 감안할 때, 수용소에서 저항의 범주를 상당히 폭넓게 해석해야 한다고 주장한다. 아울러 이 글은 유대인 여성 수감자들이 소규모 집단을 이루어 생명을 이어가고, 내면에서부터 붕괴되지 않도록 서로를 격려하며 자존투쟁을 전개했던 것을 충분히 평가해야 한다는 점을 강조한다.
Abstract
In Holocaust studies, Ravensbrück has received special attention along with Auschwitz. The reason is not limited to the fact that Ravensbrück was a women's camp. Ravensbrück in the late period is a suitable place to grasp women's experiences and memories during the Holocaust, as it was a complex camp where the goals of isolation, forced labor, and extermination were implemented at the same time. It is also noteworthy that Ravensbrück was the main target of large-scale rescue operations led by Sweden and Denmark at the end of World War II. The paper first reviews the status and characteristics of the Ravensbrück concentration camp based on the research so far. Next, it deals with the living environment and the solidarity formation of Jewish women in Ravensbrück. Finally, it identifies the patterns and meanings of self-help and resistance activities developed by Jewish female prisoners for survival. The paper argues that the category of resistance in the camps should be interpreted quite widely, taking into account the harsh environment of Ravensbrück. In addition, it emphasizes that Jewish female prisoners should be fully evaluated for continuing their lives in small groups, encouraging each other not to collapse from the inside, and developing self-esteem struggles.
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