Environmental Policy in Japan: The Effect of Japanese Citizen Groups on Policy-Making
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper shows government responses to environmental problems whether the state will respond voluntarily or as a result of popular pressure in Japan. Japan’s pollution-related miracles and degradations, by their unique values and preferences, make one wonder what political processes and larger social structures made Japanese government yield different performances on domestic air and water pollution management, international deforestation and fishery environmental issues in terms of policy-making mechanism. We find that Japan’s strong economic development also brought them pollution problems which triggered small citizen groups to stand up against their government and cultural values. With help of mass‐media, they could mobilize the public to pressure and change the ironclad relations among the government, the LDP and business groups, who finally made a concession to the citizen groups and yielded productive environmental regulation policies. Unfortunately, those successful citizen movements, however, could not further develop into strong national organizations, which might have played a crucial role in international environmental issues. In this sense, the paper finds that even though the antipollution movement worked a miracle in the government’s concession, it wasn’t the result of the public aspire to fulfill higher aims. Rather it was the result of the public’s action to secure the basic needs. It is true that values and preferences change as the level of economic development changes, but it is not necessarily true that they will always shift to a higher level. Therefore, governance system needs to further development in environmental policy.
Abstract
This paper shows government responses to environmental problems whether the state will respond voluntarily or as a result of popular pressure in Japan. Japan’s pollution-related miracles and degradations, by their unique values and preferences, make one wonder what political processes and larger social structures made Japanese government yield different performances on domestic air and water pollution management, international deforestation and fishery environmental issues in terms of policy-making mechanism. We find that Japan’s strong economic development also brought them pollution problems which triggered small citizen groups to stand up against their government and cultural values. With help of mass‐media, they could mobilize the public to pressure and change the ironclad relations among the government, the LDP and business groups, who finally made a concession to the citizen groups and yielded productive environmental regulation policies. Unfortunately, those successful citizen movements, however, could not further develop into strong national organizations, which might have played a crucial role in international environmental issues. In this sense, the paper finds that even though the antipollution movement worked a miracle in the government’s concession, it wasn’t the result of the public aspire to fulfill higher aims. Rather it was the result of the public’s action to secure the basic needs. It is true that values and preferences change as the level of economic development changes, but it is not necessarily true that they will always shift to a higher level. Therefore, governance system needs to further development in environmental policy.
참고문헌 (39)
- Barrett, B, "Environmental Policy and Impact Assessment in Japan" (1991), New York: Routledge
- Bergins, A, "The Last Jewel in a Disintegrating Crown: The Case of Japanese Distant Water Tuna Fisheries", Ocean Development and International Law, 25(2), pp.187~217 (1994)
- Broadbent, J, "Environmental Politics in Japan" (1998), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Brown, L, "Saving the Planet" (1991), New York: Norton
- Calder, Kent E, "Elites in an Equalizing Role: Ex‐Bureaucrats as Coordinators and Intermediaries in the Japanese Government‐Business Relationship", Comparative Politics, 21(4), pp.379~404 (1989)
- Craft, Lucille, "$20,000 For One Fish", International Wildlife, 24(6), pp.18~21 (1994)
- Dauvergne, P, "Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia" (1997), Cambridge: The MIT Press
- Franck, I, "The Green Encyclopedia" (1992), New York: Prentice Hall
- Gore, A, "Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit" (1993), Boston: Houghton Mifflin
- Gresser, F., "Environmental Law in Japan" (1981), Cambridge: The MIT Press
- Hashimoto, Michio, "History of Air Pollution Control in Japan, In How to Conquer Air Pollution: A Japanese Experience", pp.1~93 (1989), New York: Elsevier Science Publishers
- Holliman, J., "Environmentalism with a Global Scope", Japanese Quarterly, 37(3), pp.284~290 (1990)
- Hurdle, N, "Islands of Dreams: Environmental Crisis in Japan" (1975), Autumn Press
- Johnson, C, "MITI and the Japanese Miracle" (1982), Stanford: Stanford University Press
- Johnson, C., "Japan: Who Governs?: The Rise of the Developmental State" (1995), New York: Norton
- Jubak, Jim, "Mighty MITI", The Amicus Journal, 15(2), pp.38~43 (1993)
- Jun, Ui, "The Singularities of Japanese Pollution", Japan Quarterly, 19(3), pp.275~290 (1972)
- Kitao, K, "Shinrin Kankyo To Ryu’iki Shakai (The Forest Environment and Valley Society)" (1992), Tokyo: Yuzankaku
- Knight, John, "A Tale of Two Forests: Reforestation Discourse in Japan and Beyond", Journals of Royal Anthropological Institute, 3, pp.711~730 (1998)
- Kotari, K, "Foresighted Forestation", Look Japan, 34, pp.3~ (1989)
- LaBudde, Nathan, "Japanese Activists Expose Cetacean Slaughter", Earth Island Journal, 12(1), pp.7~ (1996)
- Lesbirel,S.H, "NIMBY Politics in Japan" (1998), Ithaca: Cornell University Press
- McKean, M. A, "Environmental Protest and Citizen Politics in Japan" (1981), Berkeley: University of California Press
- McMillan, Charles J, "The Japanese Industrial System" (1996), New York: De Gruyter
- Mitchell,J.G, "Dispatches from the Deep Woods" (1991), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press
- Nakane, C, "Japanese Society" (1986), Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co
- Nomura, I, "Japan: the Timber trade and Its Problems. In International Trade in Forest Products" (1988), A.B. Academic Publishers
- OECD, "OECD Environmental Performance Reviews" (1994), Japan. Paris: OECD
- Ostrom, E, "Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action" (1990), New York: Cambridge University Press
- Oyadomari, Motoko, "The Rise and Fall of the Nature Conservation Movement in Japan in relation to Some Cultural Values", Environmental Management, 13(1), pp.23~33 (1989)
- Pierce, John C., "Support for Citizen Participation: A Comparison of American and Japanese Citizens, Activists and Elites", Western Political Quarterly, 43(1), pp.40~59 (1990)
- Powell, W, "Introduction, In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis", pp.1~40 (1991), Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Reed, Steven R, "Environmental Politics: Some Reflections Based on the Japanese Case", Comparative Politics, 13(3), pp.253~270 (1981)
- Sonu, Sunee C, "Japan’s Tuna Market" (1991), U.S. Department of Commerce
- Teune, H, "Growth" (1988), Newbury Park: Sage Publication
- Tsurutani, T, "The National Bureaucracy of Japan", International Review of Administrative Sciences, 64(2), pp.181~194 (1998)
- Upham, F. K, "Law and Social Change in Postwar Japan" (1989), Cambridge: Harvard University Press
- Vernon, Raymond, "Behind the Scenes", Environment, 35, pp.12~20 (1993)
- Yoshimatsu, H, "Business‐Government Relations in Japan: The Influence of Business on Policy‐Making Through Two Routes", Asian Perspective, 21(2), pp.119~146 (1997)