러시아 통치엘리트의 정치참여 변화추이
Political Participation Trend of the Russian Ruling Elite
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본 논문은 러시아 통치엘리트의 정치참여 변화를 1980년대와 1990년대를 중심으로 추적 정리한 것이다. 우선 본 논문의 이론적 배경으로서 충원이론에 관한 제학자들의 견해를 살펴보면서 특히 러시아의 권위주의적 국가체제와 이중성의 특징을 최근 러시아 국민들에 대한 여론조사 내용을 토대로 검토해 보았다. 러시아 정치참여의 흥망과 쇠퇴는 정치불만의 동학으로서 대중전선구축운동, 근로자파업운동, 무질서 저항운동으로 구분하여 고찰하였고, 선거참여의 동학으로서 옐친의 선거정치, 급진적 선동주의, 대의정치의 몰락, 민주적 인기영합주의 등을 선거과정에서 나타난 투표행태를 중심으로 추적 분석하였다. 엘리트의 충원과 교체에서는 노멘클라투라체제의 모순을 살펴보면서 충원의 변화양태로서 최근 여론조사 내용을 반영하였다. 특히 오늘날 러시아에서는 구 지배그룹의 몰락과 함께 재력을 바탕으로 한 신지배계급의 등장이 필연적 상황변화로서 특징지워질 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
This papers reviews the change and the trend of the Russian ruling elite from 1980’s to 1990's as its political participation and recruitment. First of all, I have noted the recruitment theory as a theoretical background and examined the “dual Russian” in the model of Russian political life. In the soviet period, everyone belonged to some of the social membership and massive vote turn out all the people served on a part time basic as deputies to soviet at different levels. But the breakdown of the soviet system of state-directed political participation had another set of effect as well. The communist party used the Nomenklatura system to ensure the political elite, but the breakdown of the party control over mass participation become more diverse in the 1990's. Some entered, politics through elections, other from business. Similarly, some of the old nomenklatura elites, having lost their former positions, readily found new jobs in the state administration or in business. Either was, the widespread view took connections to solve problems and get ahead, today it takes money.
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