아유르베다(Āyurveda)에 의거한 요가 아사나(āsana) 수련의 마음치유원리
Mind Healing Principles of Yoga Āsana based on Āyurveda
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본 논문의 목적은 요가의 아사나(āsana) 수련을 통하여 기대할 수 있는 마음치유의 원리를 규명하는 것이다. 지금까지 아사나수련은 대개 신체수련 또는 신체적인 질환의 치유효과와 관련하여 논의된 경향이 있었다. 그러나 빠딴잘리(Patañjali)의 고전요가에서 아사나는 그 자체로 마음치유의 측면을 지닌다. 전통적으로 치유를 위한 요가수련은 아유르베다(Āyurveda)와 유기적인 관련을 지닌다. 요가수련 프로그램에는 수련자의 신체적, 정신적 체질이 고려되어야 하며, 요가테라피(yoga-therapy)의 적용과정에서 핵심은 아유르베다 체질에 의거한 개별적인 접근이라고 해도 과언이 아니다. 아유르베다는 신체의 체질과 마음의 체질을 구분하고 있지만, 또한 이 둘의 상호관련을 인정한다. 즉 신체적 도샤(doṣa)는 정신적 도샤와 유기적인 관련을 지닌다. 또한 신체와 마음의 상호 유기적인 관계로 볼 때, 신체수련과 마음수련은 불가분의 관계를 지닌다. 즉 아사나는 단지 신체수련이 아니라 마음수련의 측면을 지니며, 또한 명상은 기본적으로 마음수련이지만 그럼에도 신체에 영향을 미친다. 신체의 각 부위는 특정 도샤와 관련을 지니며, 요가 아사나를 통하여 이 부위를 압박하고 자극함으로써 특정 도샤의 증가나 균형을 도모할 수 있다. 그러나 아사나 수련이 신체적 도샤의 균형을 도모하고 마침내 마음작용의 억제를 위한 수련으로 이어지기 위해서는 무엇보다도 아사나 수련의 전 과정에서 “바라봄”(觀)이 병행되어야 한다. 바라봄과 집중이 그 대상에 미치는 영향은 오늘날 양자역학에서 말하는 “관찰자 효과”로 설명될 수도 있다.
Abstract
In this paper, I tried to identify the principles of mind healing that can be expected through yoga āsana training. So far, āsana training has generally been discussed in relation to physical training or the healing effects of physical diseases. In classical yoga of Patañjali, āsana training has its own side of mind healing. This can be read, in the definition (2.46), completion (2.47) and effect (2.48) of āsana, which are introduced in the Yoga Sutra. In particular, the comment of Vyāsa which says that the āsana is completed by “the relaxation of severe effort” has an important meaning in terms of āsana's mind healing aspects. Traditionally, yoga training for healing has a close relationship with Āyurveda. This point can be seen in the Yoga Sutra and the commentary of Vyāsa. Āyurveda and yoga complement each other. While Āyurveda emphasizes the understanding of the outside world, which is essential for maintaining physical health, yoga focuses on the restraint of fluctuations in the mind and spiritual perfection. But the difference between these emphases is only relative, and traditionally these two traditions have been regarded as sister studies. In the yoga training program, the physical and mental constitution of practitioner should be considered, and it is no exaggeration to say that the central point in the application process of yoga-therapy is the individual approach based on the Āyurvedic constitution. Though Āyurveda distinguishes the constitution of the body and that of the mind, it also acknowledges the interrelationship of the two. The relationship between physical doṣa and mental doṣa means that āsana practice can act as one of the mind healing. Also, in terms of the mutual relationship between body and mind, physical practice and mind training have an inseparable relationship. Āsana is not merely a physical practice, but a mind training. And similarly, meditation is a mind training, but it affects the body nevertheless. The Āsana training can balance the doṣa, but it can also disturb the doṣa balance. The opposite is also valid. In other words, the balance of mental doṣa can affect that of physical doṣa. Each part of the body is associated with a specific doṣa, which can be stressed and stimulated through the Yoga āsana to increase or balance specific doṣa. However, in order to balance of physical doṣa and suppress the fluctuations in the mind, the 'mindful observation' must be performed in the whole process of practice. The influence of mindful observation and concentration on the object can also be explained by the 'observer effect' in quantum mechanics today. There is a proverb in the yoga tradition that “Cakra lives with the food of mindful observation given by the practitioner.”
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