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레바논은 실패국가가 되어가고 있는가?

Is Lebanon a Failing State?

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주제분류정치외교학

초록

모자이크 국가인 레바논 정부는 국민의 생명권과 재산권 보호, 공공 질서 및 안전 유지, 공공 복지의 증진, 국민들의 자유권 및 행복추구권 보장이라는 정부의 기본 의무 수행에 실패한 것으로 보인다. 여러 종파가 섞여 있는 레바논 사회에서 필연적으로 도입된 종파별 권력안배주의는 종파 이기주의와 후견주의로 이어져 정치의 분열을 가져왔으며 이것이 정치, 경제, 군사, 사회적 위기를 낳은 것이다. 외형적 조직 구성마저도 어려운 상태인 레바논 정부는 국민들에게 공공 인프라, 치안을 제공해주지 못하고 있고, 국민들로부터 신뢰를 잃었으며 군대는 전투력이 떨어지고 사기가 꺾이고 있다. 바닥난 외환 보유고는 국민들의 삶을 위협하고 있으며 사회적 불안감이 높아지고 있다. 게다가 공교육이 부실한 탓에 미래에 대한 희망이 사라지고 있는 상황에서 인재들마저도 빠져나가고 있는 실정이다. 본고는 이러한 레바논의 상황을 실패국가로 가는 과정 중에 있다고 진단한다. 국가의 실패는 인접 국가에 안보적 위협으로 다가올 뿐만 아니라 양자관계에 있어 외교, 경제, 군사적 교류 등과 관련된 현실적 문제를 낳기도 한다. 그러므로 레바논의 현실을 고려했을 때 우리나라 역시 대레바논 정책을 어떻게 이어나갈 것인지에 대한 검토가 요구된다.

Abstract

The Lebanese government, a mosaic state, appears to have failed to fulfill its basic obligations of protecting the people's right to life and property, maintaining public order and safety, promoting public welfare, and guaranteeing the people's right to freedom and happiness. The sect-specific power allocationism inevitably introduced in Lebanese society, which is a mixture of various sects, led to sect egoism and clientelism, leading to political division, economic, military, and social crises. The Lebanese government, which is now difficult to even form an organization, has failed to provide public infrastructure and security, has lost trust from the people, and the military is losing power and morale. The depleted foreign exchange reserves are threatening the lives of the people, raising social anxiety, poor public education, and elites are draining. This paper diagnoses that this situation in Lebanon is in the process of going to a failed state. State failure not only comes as a security threat to neighboring countries, but also creates practical problems related to diplomatic, economic, and military exchanges in bilateral relations. Therefore, considering the reality of Lebanon, it is required to review how Korea will continue its policy towards Lebanon.

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