남부지역 방언의 운율체계 비교 연구 ―하동 방언과 광양 방언의 다음절 풀이씨 성조를 중심으로―

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe the tonemic systems of Hadong county and Gwang-yang county dialect contrastively, which belong to the southwestern extremity of Gyeongnam Province and the southeastern extremity of Jeonnam Province. Hadong and Gwangyang county lie east and west with a swift running river 'Geumgang River' between. Main data of this study are multisyllabic stems of verbs and adjectives of the two dialects. For the analysis of tones and setting up the unified tonemic systems of south Korean tone dialects I brought in the side-dots theory initiated by King Sejong the Great and a few 15th to 16th century Korean linguists and upgraded by Prof. Gim Chagyun, an eminent Korean phonemist in our generation. The outcome of this study may be summarized as follows. The two dialects have three tone system: They are divided into one unmarked plain tone ‘phyeongseong’ and two marked tones ‘geoseong and sangseong’. The three tones are symbolized as □, ·□, and :□ respectively. Every tone exerts weak or strong neutralizing force upon the tone along behind it. Phyeongseong □ neutralizes geoseong ·□ and sangseong :□ with one dot ·□. cheukseon. geoseong and sangseong neutralize all kind of tones with one dot ·□. In Hadong dialect as well as Gwangyang dialect, the pyeongseong(□) is H ‘high-level’, the geoseong(·□) is M ‘mid-level’. But the sangseong(:□) of Hadong dialect is L ‘low-long’ and the sangseong(:□) of Gwangyang dialect ‘mid-rising’). Because of neutralizing forces of the tones mentioned above and some other tonological rules, the kind of tonemic patters are extremely restricted. The two dialects have three side-dot patterns: □₁·□ⁿ(the side-dot pattern consisted of more than one plain tone ‘□’ followed by n marked tone ‘·□’), ·□₁(the side-dot pattern of which the first is departing tone geoseong, ‘·□’), and :□₁(the side-dot pattern of which the first is rising tone sangseong, ‘:□’). For example, four syllable tonological words of the two dialects have the six patterns: □·□·□·□ (□·□³), □□·□·□ (□²·□²), □□□·□ (□³·□), □□□□ (□⁴), ·□·□·□·□ (·□⁴), and :□·□·□·□ (:□⁴). Side-dot patterns of Hadong dialect can be deciphered into tonemic patterns one to one. Thus we can change the four side-dot patterns ‘□₁·□ⁿ, ·□₁ and :□₁respectively, because □ is H, 'high tone', ·□, M 'mid tone', :□, L, 'normal low tone'. In like manner, we can decipher □·□⁴, □²·□³, □³·□², □⁴·□, □⁵, ·□⁵, and :□⁵ into HM⁴, H²M³, H³M², H⁴M, H⁵, M⁵, and L⁵ respectively. Tonological representations are realized into surface pitch forms through following rules. (1) the pitch form realizing rules of Hadong dialect a. (pyeongcheuk form) H₃Mⁿ → [MнH₁Mⁿ]/# - #b. (geoseong form) M₂ → [HHM₀]/# - #(provided that it is not informational forcus, M²→ [MM])c. ①(sangseong form) L₂ → [LMм]/# 󰠏󰠏󰠏 #②(sangseong form) [LMм₁] → {[Mм₁, LMMм₀]}/# 󰠏󰠏󰠏 # (optional) (2) the pitch form realizing rules of Gwangyang dialect a. (pyeongbok form) ① H₂Mⁿ → [Mн₀HMⁿ]/#-#(pyeongil form) ② HM₁→ {[HнM₀], [HHM₀]}/#-# (optional)b. (geoseong form) ① M₂ → {[HHM₀], [MHM₀]}/#-#(provided that it is not informational forcus, M² → [MM])c. (sangseong form) ₂ → {[HM₀], [ḦM₁]}/# 󰠏󰠏󰠏 # Important tone sandhi, I have to mention here, are neutralization rules, the internal progressive plain-tone assimilation and the last syllable converting into cheukseong rule in the two dialects. (3) neutralization rules:a. {·□, :□} → ·□ / □ ―b. (□, ·□, :□} → ·□ / {·□, :□} ― (4) the internal progressive plain-tone assimilation rule (optional)□^(m)·□^(n) → □^(m+n)/―# (here, m≧2, n≧0, m+n≧3) The following rule is also obligatory in the two dialects. (5) the last syllable converting into ·□ rule □₃→ □₂·□ /# ― # Rule (3) can find out in our two dialect as well as all the modern Korean tone dialects. Rules (4) and (5) are almost exclusive ones in southeastern Gyeongnam dialects including Hadong dialect and Gwangyang dialet. Another authentic rule in verb and adjective morphology of Hadong dialect and Gwangyang dialet is the first IC plain-tone-patternization rule. (6) converting the first IC into phyeongseong pattern {□₁·□ⁿ, ·□₁, :□₁} → □1/ ― (+)Sdp (here, Sdp is an optional side-dot-pattern)