연결어미 ‘-ㄴᄃᆞᆯ’ 구문의 통시적 고찰

Abstract

This study investigated syntactic and semantic properties of conjunctive ending ‘-ndʌl(>-ndeul)’ and the historical changes of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions from the 15th century to the 19th century. First, this study examined syntactic properties of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions in several aspects: subject and predicate constraints, preceding prefinal endings, mood of the following clause, and co-occurring adverbs. ‘-ndʌl’ constructions show no subject and predicate constraints, but ‘-ndʌl’’ follows a few prefinal endings, such as honorific ‘-si-, -zʌp-’, past tense ‘-deo-, -eos-’, and exclamatory ‘-dos-’. ‘-ndʌl’ clauses are mainly followed by rhetorical questions, but they can be followed by declarative, exclamatory, or ‘malda’ imperative sentences. Also, ‘-ndʌl’’ clauses often co-occur with a concessive adverb such as ‘birok’ and can co-occur with other adverbs that express ‘hypothesis’ or ‘condition’. Secondly, this study elucidated semantic properties of ‘-ndʌl’ constructions. ‘-ndʌl’ constructions have the meaning of ‘concession’; denial of expectation. However, ‘-ndʌl’ constructions can express an additional meaning of ‘opposition’, ‘hypothesis’ or ‘condition’ according to the context. ‘-(eos)deondʌl’ constructions, in particular, express counterfactual hypothesis. However, ‘-(eos)deondʌl’ constructions can express ‘concession’, although such a construction is rarely found. Lastly, this study demonstrated that counterfactual hypothesis expressions of ‘-deondʌl’ have undergone changes that past tense form ‘-eos’ is attached to a verb form in the following clause as well as the antecedent clause since the 18th century. Also, this study discussed that ‘-ndʌl’ noun complements would become obsolete before the 17th century and thus, ‘-ldi’ of ‘-ldindʌl/ljindeul’ would be considered as part of a compound conjunctive ending.