日本漢字學習的傳統與方法
Traditions and Methods of Learning Hanzi in Japan
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無可否認，漢字對日文及日本文化有著極其深遠的影響。經朝鮮半島傳入日本的漢字又稱真名(mana)，其形、音、義基本上與古代中國的表意文字(ideogram)一脈相承；而所謂假名(kana)，則借漢字的形與音作為標音文字(phonetic script)。較為人熟悉的假名有平假名(hiragana)與片假名(katakana)，它們以不同的方式把漢字的筆劃簡化，以便標音。有必要指出，漢字本來就不僅是一種文字或符號，而且是思考的載體。傳統日本透過漢字引入了詩詞歌賦與百家經典，而現代日本則以漢字翻譯西歐思想。以「哲學」為例，這個由日本學者西周(1829-1897)所作的譯語，結果回傳至中韓等地，成為了東亞的標準用語。今天，日本政府的文部科學省制定了常用漢字表，規定漢字的寫法與讀音。日本學校的日文課程基本上是根據常用漢字表，讓學生們把握這二千多個常用漢字。然而，學習語言並不等於依循法令。常用漢字在1923年之後才出現，在此以前日本人如何學習漢字？本文將介紹文學家夏目漱石(1867-1916)與哲學家西田幾多郎(1870-1945)的漢字學習經歷，並對現今的漢字教與學作一些初步的反思。
Abstract
Undeniably, Han characters have had a far-reaching impact on the Japanese language and culture. Chinese characters, brought to Japan via the Korean Peninsula, were known as ‘mana’ (‘real name’). Their shape, tone and meaning have the same basic roots as ancient Chinese ideographs. The so-called ‘kana’, which borrow from the shape and tone of Han characters, became the phonetic script. Two well known ‘kana’ are ‘Hiragana’ and ‘Katakana’, both of which are simplified versions of Chinese characters. More than simply characters or symbols, Chinese characters are carriers of thoughts and messages. In traditional Japanese, imported poetry, songs and classics reflect Han characters, while in modern Japan Han characters are used to translate ideas and theories from Western Europe. For example, the word ‘philosophy’, translated by the Japanese scholar Nishi Amane (1829-1897), spread to China and Korea and has become the generally accepted translation in East Asia. Today, the Japanese Ministry of Education has developed a database of commonly used Chinese characters which helps define the written form and pronunciation of Chinese characters. Schools in Japan have developed Japanese curricula based on this database, the aim being to help students grasp over 2000 basic Chinese characters. However, learning a language is not simply a matter of following prescribed rules and one might ask; “Given that the database was established in 1923, how did the Japanese learn Han characters before that time?” This paper presents the learning experiences of the novelist, Natsume Sōseki(1867-1916) and a philosopher, Nishida Kitarō (1870-1945), and offers preliminary reflections on the current teaching and learning of Chinese characters.