바로(Varro)의 문법론과 소쉬르(Saussure)의 언어학 비교 ―유추(analogia)를 중심으로―

Abstract

In this article I have compared Varro's concept of analogia with that of Saussure. The comparison is summarized as the following: There were two reasons for Varro's constitution of ars grammatica. One of them was external reason which was related with the corrupted state of Latin language. As for this, what to say is that Latin language was so-called lingua franca which was full of problems of barbarismus and soloecismus. The other of them was internal reason which resulted from the so-called poverty of Latin language. The poverty of Latin language was exposed especially in translations of terms and thoughts of Greek scholarship into Latin language. In order to solve this problem, Varro tried to constitute ars grammatica as institutional system like law. For this, Varro used some terms like populus universus, consuetudo communis, analogia and anomalia. In this paper I have tried to analyze how did these terms work and cooperate together in the constitution of ars grammatica. According to my analysis, Varro's ars grammatica started from the some socio-linguistic requirement. In relation with this what to mention is that Varro regarded ars grammatica as a social institution. This is evidently exposed by uses of some terms like populus universus and consuetudo communis in the constitution of Latin grammar. This is to be compared with the constitution of law and the systematization of scientia iuris. On the other hand what I would like to emphasize is that Varros ars grammatica is characterized by the morphological paradigm which consists of two elements. One of them is figura. This is to be considered as voice phenomena described and formalized by grammatical rules. The other of them is materia which are morphological terms. In this point what to notice is the separation of the verba (sign, significans) from res (things, significatum). From this what I want to suggest is that Saussure's idea of sign and language might be oriented from Varro's thought. In comparison with Varro, Saussure did not treat problems of language from the point of view that language is a kind of social institution but he did concentrate on seeing the nature of language itself and the language as human nature in general perspective. Thus, his concern lies in seeing the function of analogia in the language which does not aim at the constitution of grammar but at the exploration of the nature of human language. On this account Saussure did not begin his so called general linguistics not from the traditional Grammar and thus he has no reason for returning to old Grammar.