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19세기와 20세기 프랑스 언어학의 지적 전통과 혁신

Traditions and Innovations of Linguistics from the 19th century to the half of 20th century in France

김현권
사단법인 한국언어학회 (The Linguistic Society of Korea)|2012.12|언어학 (EONEOHAG)|제64호|pp. 3-30

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참고문헌

키워드

Francesemantic changeSaussuregeneral linguisticsMeillethistory of linguisticsBréalBenvenistesociological viewpointcomparative historical linguistics
주제분류언어학

초록

This paper tries to trace the development of main linguistic trends revealed from the examination of the major contributions by the four important linguists Bréal, Saussure, Meillet, and Benveniste in the turning period of 20th century in France. First, Bréal, founding father of the comparative historical linguistics in France, introduced the German comparative historical linguistics in France, but he radically turned the form based historical studies into the semantic change with a view to find the general laws which govern our reasoning mind through semantic changes. Here we find a trace inherited from the Port-Royal Grammar. Then, as Indo-european linguist, Saussure was a founding father of modern structural general linguisitcs and tried to establish linguistics as a science which has its proper object and method, the epistemology of which was influenced by the sociologist Durkheim. The 'langue' which he defined as sign system is a social phenomenon, and a language is a meaningful sign in a given society. His general linguistics was very innovative by rejecting the exclusively historical point of view and taking into consideration the general synchronic semiotic view of language for the comparative historical linguistics. Thirdly, Meillet as pater patriae of French linguistics was deeply imbued with the socio-anthroplogical view of language which made him to find causes and general laws of language (semantic) change in the structure of society. His general linguistics, therefore, an advanced step for the comparative historical linguistics. Finally, Benveniste explored the language(s) widely in various fields of linguistic phenomena with the socio-anthroplogical, structuralistic, semio-semantic view of language. He is a genuine general linguist of innovative synthesis of his predecessors' various linguistic studies in France. The linguistics in France changed very dynamically in this turning period of 20th century due to the great influences from the other adjacent sciences, especially the anthropology and sociology as well as the Zeitgeist or episteme. However, one cannot deny that the French tradition of the rationalistic grammar also had some influence on the later development of the comprative historical linguistics. These intellectual situations might contribute much to the differenciation of the linguistics in France from the German linguistic tradition.

Abstract

This paper tries to trace the development of main linguistic trends revealed from the examination of the major contributions by the four important linguists Bréal, Saussure, Meillet, and Benveniste in the turning period of 20th century in France. First, Bréal, founding father of the comparative historical linguistics in France, introduced the German comparative historical linguistics in France, but he radically turned the form based historical studies into the semantic change with a view to find the general laws which govern our reasoning mind through semantic changes. Here we find a trace inherited from the Port-Royal Grammar. Then, as Indo-european linguist, Saussure was a founding father of modern structural general linguisitcs and tried to establish linguistics as a science which has its proper object and method, the epistemology of which was influenced by the sociologist Durkheim. The 'langue' which he defined as sign system is a social phenomenon, and a language is a meaningful sign in a given society. His general linguistics was very innovative by rejecting the exclusively historical point of view and taking into consideration the general synchronic semiotic view of language for the comparative historical linguistics. Thirdly, Meillet as pater patriae of French linguistics was deeply imbued with the socio-anthroplogical view of language which made him to find causes and general laws of language (semantic) change in the structure of society. His general linguistics, therefore, an advanced step for the comparative historical linguistics. Finally, Benveniste explored the language(s) widely in various fields of linguistic phenomena with the socio-anthroplogical, structuralistic, semio-semantic view of language. He is a genuine general linguist of innovative synthesis of his predecessors' various linguistic studies in France. The linguistics in France changed very dynamically in this turning period of 20th century due to the great influences from the other adjacent sciences, especially the anthropology and sociology as well as the Zeitgeist or episteme. However, one cannot deny that the French tradition of the rationalistic grammar also had some influence on the later development of the comprative historical linguistics. These intellectual situations might contribute much to the differenciation of the linguistics in France from the German linguistic tradition.

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