만주어 종결어미 -kini의 3인칭 주어 제약

Abstract

This paper examined from various angles whether there are restrictions for the third person subject in the use of the Manchu verbal ending -kini. Since Verbiest (1696), most previous studies failed to properly capture the third person subject restrictions of -kini and stated that it could appear with second or third person subject, or even with all persons. However, as a result of critical examination of the examples of first and second person subjects that appear with -kini presented by the previous studies, it was found that in most cases, the original text was incorrectly transcribed or the third person subject was misinterpreted as first or second person, and only in oaths or letters first and second person subjects were used. Meanwhile, examination on the cognates of -kini in other Tungusic languages, the reflexive of -kini in Sibe, a descendant of the Manchu language, and the Mongolian translation of the 18th century record Manju i yargiyan kooli (滿洲實錄) reveals that they all appear with third person subjects. Also, a thorough investigation of 691 cases of -kini appearing in Tongki fuka sindaha hergen i dangse (滿文老檔), which reflects the early Written Manchu, finds that the third person subject appeared in 90% of the cases, implying that it was the typical person to appear with -kini. It was also revealed that the first person subject in 67 cases was used in an oath or a similar hypothetical situation, and the second person subject had a limited distribution, appearing together with sakini 'let me know' in letters. In this paper, we tried to explain this atypical subject person of -kini using the concept of ‘deictic projection’ (Lyons 1977, Song 2015), in which the deictic origo shifts. In other words, -kini typically appears with third person subjects, but as a result of the shift of the deictic origo in 'unintentional, involuntary, and uncontrolled' situations such as retribution of oaths or in letters, it appears with atypical first and second person subjects as a ‘first person effect'.