소피스트의 수사학 교육론
The Sophists' Theory of Rhetoric Education
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
기원전 5세기에 아테네에서 일어난 소피스트들의 교육운동을 바르게 이해하려고 할 때 직면하게 되는 어려움 가운데 하나는 직접 저술한 저서가 하나도 남아 있지 않다는 것이고, 다른 하나는 우리가 갖고 있는 많은 정보들이 그들에 대해 적대적이었던 플라톤의 글에 의존하고 있다는 사실이다. 비록 어려움이 있다는 것은 부정할 수 없지만, 하늘 위나 땅 밑에 존재하는 것과같은 형이상학을 떠나 인간 자신과 인간의 사회, 그리고 인간의 언어에 관심을 갖고 연구하여새로운 시대적 요구에 부응했을 뿐만 아니라 지적인 교육의 발전에 큰 영향을 미친 소피스트들이 주도한 교육의 이론적 근거를 사상사적으로 규명하는 일은 무엇보다 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 사상가와 도시국가에 따라 시대를 달리 하면서 다양하게 해석된 아레테(areté)의 의미는 그리스 고대의 철학적인 교육이론과 수사학적인 교육이론의 핵심을 이루고 있다. 이 두 이론은 서양 교육 사상사를 지탱하는 두 기둥이라고 할 수 있는데, 플라톤이 철학적인 교육이론을 완성한인물이라고 한다면, 기원전 5세기 아테네에서 활발하게 활동한 소피스트들은 수사학적인 교육이론을 정립했다고 말할 수 있다. 그래서 이 논문에서는 기원전 5세기 아테네에서 소피스트들이 출현하게 된 배경은 무엇이며,그들이 주장한 사상의 특징은 무엇이며, 정치적 탁월성을 위한 교육의 핵심은 무엇이며, 수사학교육론은 교육 사상사적으로 어떤 의미가 있는가를 탐구하였다. 페리클레스가 민주정치를 실시한 후 새로 나타난 교육적인 요구, 즉 초등교육을 뛰어넘은 보다 고차적인 교육에 대한 요구에부응하기 위해 등장한 소피스트들이 실시한 사회 정치적인 능력을 기르기 위한 교육은 어떤 것이며, 그들이 주장한 수사학 교육론은 사상사적으로 어떤 의미가 있는가를 규명하였다.
Abstract
In general, the Sophists aimed to train the youth to speak, to think, and to acteffectively in private and public affairs. They should set themselves up as the newteachers of virtue or civic efficiency. They are the first paid itinerant teachers of theGreek world. Of the writings nothing has survived but a few quotations. Ourknowledge of them has come from their bitter enemies. The chief charges against themwere these: they taught for money; they were superficial, pretentious, ambitious; theytaught the young men skill in argumentation. However, they ministered to theintellectual needs of the times. Their intellectual and aesthetic instruction was salutaryand in accord with popular needs. The Sophists raised questions concerned with man’s relations to his fellowspersonally and through the state. They realized that the need in Periclean Athens foreffective speech demanded precision of thought and that thinking could never beaccurate without a clear understanding of language. The aim of the education of themwas to prepare the individual to conform to the changed social conditions and therebysecure his personal advancement. The chief content of the education of them was thearts of speech. They taught declamation and oratory, and out of the refinement of theseas arts developed grammar and rhetoric. The Sophists represented a radical change in education in at least three ways. First,they helped popularize intellectual inquiry to the detriment of physical activity. Second,they placed great value on oratory, which for the Greeks meant the arts of persuasion,generally. Third, they extended formal education well into young manhood. As we have seen, the Sophists were the teachers of the arts of public speaking anddebate. They introduced Athenians to the art of speech in all its branches. Theycontributed significantly to their own age and to posterity. They helped turn man’sattention to the centrality of education in the building of a better society. Theyintroduced rhetoric into the curriculum and made everyone conscious of language as a distinctive human power. They contributed to the development of dialectic, andtrumpeted the virtues of the public life. They were humanists both in favor of aman-centered ethic and in the sense of crediting man with the power to improve hiscondition. Upon higher education the influence of the Sophists was profound. They firstintroduced the intellectual elements into Athenian education. Education became more amatter of the schools. To the Sophists is due the formation of the grammatical andrhetorical study of language and literature.
참고문헌 (42)
- 김남두, "소피스트 운동" (2003), 아카넷
- 성기산, "교육학논총" (1991), 교육출판사
- 성기산, "서양교육사연구" (1993), 문음사
- 성기산, "서양고대의 교육사상" (1883), 대은출판사
- 오인탁, "파이데이아-고대 그리스의 교육사상-" (2001), 학지사
- 石山脩平, "古代キりツア敎育史" (1978), 日本圖書
- Allen. R. E., "Greek Philosophy : Thales to Aristotle" (1966), Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
- Bowen J., "A History of Western Education" (1972), St. Martin Press. Inc.
- Brumbaugh R. S., "Philosophers on Education" (1986), University Press of America. Inc.
- Butts. R. F., "A Cultural History of Education" (1947), McGraw-Hill Book Co. Ltd.
- Copleston. F., "A History of Philosophy. Westminster：The Newman Press. vol" (1960), The Newman Press
- Dobson. I. F., "Ancient Education and Its Meaning to Us" (1963), Cooper Square Publishers. Inc.
- Duggan. S., "A Student’s Textbook in the History of Education" (1936), Appleton-Century Company
- Eby. F., "The History and Philosophy of Education Ancient and Medieval" (1946), Prentice-Hall. Inc.
- Finley. J. H., "Thucydides" (1942), Harvard University Press
- Frost. S. E., "Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Western Education" (1966), Charles E. Merrill Books. Inc.
- Good. H. G., "A History of Western Education" (1969), Macmillan Co. Ltd.
- Gutek. G. L., "A History of the Western Educational Experience" (1972), Waveland Press. Inc.
- Guthrie. W. K. C., "A History of Greek Philosophy" (1969), Cambridge University Press
- Guthrie. W. K. C., "The Sophists" (1971), Cambridge University Press
- Jaeger. W., "Paideia : the Ideals of Greek Culture. translated by G. Highet" (1943), Oxford University Press
- Jaeger. W., "Paideia : the Ideals of Greek Culture" (1945), Oxford University Press
- Jarrett. J. L., "The Educational Theories of the Sophists" (1969), Teachers College. Columbia University
- Kimball. B. A., "Orators & Philosophers" (1986), Teachers College Press
- Lucas. C. J., "Our Western Educational Heritage" (1972), Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.
- Marrou. H. I., "A History of Education in Antiquity" (1956), Sheed & Ward
- McKenna. F. R., "Philosophical Theories of Education" (1995), University Press of America. Inc.
- Meyer. A., "A Educational History of the Western World" (1965), McGraw-Hill Book Company
- Monroe. P., "A Textbook in the History of Education" (1930), Macmillan Co. Ltd.
- Nash. P., "The Educated Man : Studies in the History of Educational Thought" (1965), John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅰ" (1957), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Platon, "Gorgias" (1959), Clarendon Press
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅰ" (1957), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅳ" (1958), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅰ" (1957), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅳ" (1958), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Platon, "Platon Sämtliche Werke. Band Ⅳ" (1958), Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
- Power. E. J., "Main Currents in the History of Education" (1962), MacGraw-Hill Book Co.
- Rusk. R. R., "Doctrines of the Great Educators" (1982), The Macmillan Press. Ltd.
- Scolnicov. S., "Plato's Metaphysics of Education" (1988), Routledge
- Weaver. R., "The Ethics of Rhetoric" (1953), Gateway Editions. Ltd.
- Wood. E. M., "Class Ideology & Ancient Political Theory" (1978), Basil Blackwell