주관적 계층 의식과 재분배 정책 선호도: 인지된 불평등의 매개효과
Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Attitudes toward Redistribution Policy: Mediation Effect by Perceived Inequality
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본 연구는 개인의 주관적 계층 의식이 불평등 인식에 매개되어 재분배 정책 선호도에 미치는 영향을 구조방정식(structural equation modeling)을 통해 분석하였다. 구조방정식은 변수들이 각 국가에서 동일한 개념을 측정했는지에 대한 정보를 제공해 줄 뿐만 아니라, 여러 변수 간 복잡한 인과 관계를 종합적으로 고려하기에 국가 간 비교 연구에 널리 활용되는 통계적 방법이다. 예측변수인 정책 선호도가 국가의 복지 체계 및 이념에 많은 영향을 받기에, 본 연구는 Esping-Andersen(1990)의 분류 체계를 참고하여 스웨덴, 독일, 미국, 한국을 대상으로 국가 별 비교를 수행했다. 주요 연구 결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주관적 지위가 불평등 인식을 통해 재분배 정책 선호도에 미치는 간접 효과는, 불평등 인식을 거치지 않은 직접 효과와 동일한 크기를 보였다. 둘째, 개인의 주관적 지위가 낮을수록 기회 및 결과의 불평등 인식과 불공정성 인식이 높았으며, 재분배 정책 선호도가 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 주관적 지위의 영향력은 스웨덴에서 가장 크게 나타났으며, 한국에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 넷째, 미국은 기회 불평등 인식이 결과 불평등 인식 및 재분배 정책 선호도에 미치는 영향력이 가장 컸다. 마지막으로, 한국은 공정성 인식이 결과 불평등 인식에 미치는 영향력과 결과 불평등 인식이 재분배 정책 선호도에 미치는 영향력이 매우 높았다. 이러한 연구 결과는 국제적인 맥락에서 한국의 특성을 이해하고, 추후 재분배 정책을 수립하는 데에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of the individual’s subjective socioeconomic status(SES) to the attitudes toward the redistribution policy, mediated by the perceived inequality, through structural equation modeling(SEM). Since the countries’ welfare systems and ideologies have significant influence on the preference of policies, the cross-country analysis was conducted(Sweden, Germany, USA, and South Korea), referencing to the classification of the welfare states by Esping-Andersen(1990). The findings are as follows. Firstly, the size of the indirect effect of the subjective SES to the preference of redistribution was nearly half of the total effect. Secondly, the lower the individual’s subjective SES, the higher the level of perceived inequality of opportunity and outcome, the perceived unfairness of the inequality, and the preference of the redistribution. At third, the effects of subjective SES were biggest in Sweden and smallest in South Korea. At fourth, the perceived inequality of opportunity had the greatest influence on the perceived inequality of outcome and the preference of the redistribution in USA. Finally, the perceived unfairness showed the biggest effect on the perceived inequality of outcome in South Korea. Also, the perceived inequality of outcome had the biggest influence to the preference of the redistribution in South Korea. These results could contribute to the better understanding of the key factors on the preference of the redistribution in South Korea, reflecting the demands of Koreans to the actual implementation of the government policies.
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