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남아시아인의 걸프 지역 이주와 걸프국가의 이민정책: 인도 케랄라인의 아랍에미리트 이주를 중심으로

Migration of South Asians to the Gulf Region and Immigration Policy in the Gulf Countries: Focused on the Migration of Kerala in India to the United Arab Emirates

김경학
아시아연구소|2022.12|아시아리뷰 (Asia Review)|제12권 제3호|pp. 47-80

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참고문헌

키워드

Gulf countries송금케랄라걸프국가kafala systemUnited Arab Emirates (UAE)international labor migration국제노동이주남아시아 이주노동자아랍에미리트 카팔라제도South Asian migrant worker
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

걸프 지역의 카팔라제도(kafala system)라는 착취적인 이주민 정책에도 불구하고, 남아시아의 대규모 이주노동자는 걸프 국가로 국제노동이주를 지속하고 있다. 이 글은 아랍에미리트를 비롯한 걸프 지역으로 오랫동안 인도인의 노동이주를 선 도해 온 남부 케랄라주의 사례를 통해, 남아시아와 걸프 지역 간 이주자의 이동과 관련한 이주 요인, 초국적 이주산업, 이 주자 취약성 등의 상호 연결성에 주목한다. 글의 주요 목적은 남아시아인의 걸프 지역 국가로의 국제노동이주 과정에 개 입된 착취적인 초국적 이주산업이 이주노동자의 ‘일시성’과 ‘임의성’을 특성으로 하는 걸프국가의 카팔라제도와 만날 때, 남아시아 이주노동자의 사회·경제적 취약성이 중층적으로 가중됨을 인도 케랄라 이주자 사례를 통해 규명하는 데에 있다.

Abstract

Despite the exploitative migrant regime called the ‘kafala system’ in the Gulf region, large-scale migrant workers in South Asia continue to migrate to the Gulf countries. South Asian countries are very aware of the importance of large-scale remittances of their migrant workers from the Gulf region in alleviating economic crises such as poverty and high unemployment. In fact, India is a country that sends the most migrants to the Gulf region and has the largest number of remittances among South Asian countries. This study focuses on the interconnectedness of motives for migration, the transnational migration industry, and the vulnerability of migrants related to international labor migration to the Gulf region through the case of the southern state of Kerala, which has long been leading the migrant labor of Indians to the Gulf region including the United Arab Emirates (UAE) . The main purpose of this study is to explore the amplification of the socioeconomic vulnerability of South Asian migrants in the Gulf region through the case of Keralites in UAE, when the exploitative transnational migration industry involved in the migration processes of South Asians is combined with the ‘kafala system’ characterized by ‘temporariness’ and ‘precariousness’ of migrants in the Gulf region.

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