본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

아동 및 청소년의 집행기능: 포괄적 이해를 위한 개관 연구

The Executive Function of Childhood and Adolescence: A Review for Comprehensive Understanding

1

조회

0

다운로드

7

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

초록

집행기능이란 자신의 행동을 감독하고 목표에 도달할 수 있도록 인지와 행동 및 정서를 조절하고 유지하게 하는 기능으로 매우 고차원적이며 인간의 원활한 적응에 꼭 필요한 기능이다. 최근의 연구에 따르면 집행기능은 아동 청소년기 적응에도 매우 큰 영향을 미쳐, 주의집중, 학습, 행동문제 등 아동 청소년기에 경험하는 대부분의 과업에 관련이 되어 있는 것으로 밝혀지고 있으며 집행기능이 원활히 발달하지 못할 때는 적응 상의 어려움을 겪는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 또한 원활한 집행기능은 아동 청소년기에 경험하는 여러가지 문제에 보호요인으로 작용을 하고 있고 적응에 대한 유의한 예측인자로서 주목받고 있다. 특히 뇌기능 영상 기술 등이 발달하면서 상당히 어린 나이에도 집행기능이 중요한 역할을 하고 있다는 것이 검증되면서 아동 청소년의 집행기능에 연구적, 임상적 관심을 두어야 할 근거가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 아동 청소년의 집행기능의 전반적 특징과 아동기 및 청소년기 집행기능의 고유한 특징, 집행기능과 지능 및 정신장애와의 관련성에 대해서 개관하였다. 또한 아동 청소년기 집행기능을 평가하는 도구에는 어떤 것이 있는지 그 특징과 평가 시행 방법에 대해 개괄적으로 소개하여 임상 현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 아울러, 인지훈련치료, 마음챙김 기반의 훈련이나 활동, 행동치료적 요소를 활용한 활동, 컴퓨터 기반의 프로그램 등, 집행기능 향상을 위한 개입을 소개하여 집행기능 향상을 위한 개입에도 도움이 되고자 하였다.

Abstract

Executive function is a very high-dimensional function that monitors, regulates, and maintains an individual’s behavior, cognition, and emotion. Moreover, it is necessary for individuals’ optimal adjustment. According to recent research, executive function affects children’s and adolescents’ adjustment so that their attention, learning, behavioral problems depend on their executive function. Without appropriate executive function, children and adolescents have reported adjusting less effectively. The good executive function seems to work as a protective factor for various problems that are considered to be onset during childhood or adolescence. Specifically, as brain imaging skills have been developed, it has been found that executive function has an important role in very young children. Therefore, many clinicians or researchers should pay attention to the executive function of children and adolescents. In the current study, we reviewed general features of executive function, specific characteristics of executive function during childhood or adolescence, the relationships between executive function and intelligence or psychopathologies. Moreover, we overviewed the tools for measuring or assessing the executive function of children or adolescents. Lastly, we introduced the interventions for improving executive function.

참고문헌 (98)

  1. Ardila, A., "Is intelligence equivalent to executive functions", Psicothema, 30(2), pp.159~164 (2018)[DOI]
  2. Arffa, S., "The relationship of intelligence to executive function and non-executive function measures in a sample of average, above average, and gifted youth", Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(8), pp.969~978 (2007)[DOI]
  3. Miya R. Asato, "Cognitive processes in the development of TOL performance", Neuropsychologia, 44(12), pp.2259~2269 (2006), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  4. Alan Baddeley, "Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies", Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), pp.1~29 (2012), Annual Reviews[DOI]
  5. Russell A. Barkley, "Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD.", Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), pp.65~94 (1997), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  6. Barkley, R. A., "Executive functions: What are they, how they work, and why they evolved" (2020), Guilford Press
  7. Sissela Bergman Nutley, "Gains in fluid intelligence after training non-verbal reasoning in 4-year-old children: a controlled, randomized study", Developmental Science, 14(3), pp.591~601 (2011), Wiley[DOI]
  8. Bernier, A., "From external regulation to self-regulation : Early parenting precursors of young children’s executive functioning", Child Development, 81(1), pp.326~339 (2010)
  9. John R. Best, "A Developmental Perspective on Executive Function", Child Development, 81(6), pp.1641~1660 (2010), Wiley[DOI]
  10. Clancy Blair, "Relating Effortful Control, Executive Function, and False Belief Understanding to Emerging Math and Literacy Ability in Kindergarten", Child Development, 78(2), pp.647~663 (2007), Wiley[DOI]
  11. Blair, C., "Measurement of executive function in early childhood: A special issue of developmental neuropsychology" (2016), Psychology Press
  12. Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, "Development of the adolescent brain: implications for executive function and social cognition", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(3-4), pp.296~312 (2006), Wiley[DOI]
  13. Laura L. Brock, "The contributions of ‘hot’ and ‘cool’ executive function to children's academic achievement, learning-related behaviors, and engagement in kindergarten", Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 24(3), pp.337~349 (2009), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  14. Brocki, K. C., "Developmental change in the relation between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behaviour problems", Infant and Child Development : An International Journal of Research and Practice, 15(1), pp.19~40 (2006)
  15. Patricia J Brooks, "The role of selective attention in preschoolers’ rule use in a novel dimensional card sort", Cognitive Development, 18(2), pp.195~215 (2003), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  16. Yifei Cao, "Effects and Moderators of Computer-Based Training on Children's Executive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis", Frontiers in Psychology, 11 (2020), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  17. Virginia Carter Leno, "Testing the specificity of executive functioning impairments in adolescents with ADHD, ODD", CD and ASD, 2017, pp.27(7), 899~908[DOI]
  18. Casey, B, "A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task", Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9(6), pp.835~847 (1997)
  19. Sara Caviola, "Predictors of mathematics in primary school: Magnitude comparison, verbal and spatial working memory measures", Developmental Science, 23(6) (2020), Wiley[DOI]
  20. Chiesa, A, "Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings", Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), pp.449~464 (2011)
  21. Cohen, R. J., "Exercises in psychological testing and assessment (Vol. 2)" (2005), McGraw-Hill
  22. Lucia Margari, "A review of executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit", hyperactivity disorder, 2016, 1191~[DOI]
  23. Giulia Crisci, "Executive Functions in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Comorbidity Overlaps Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Specific Learning Disorders", Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 15 (2021), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  24. Eveline A. Crone, "Executive functions in adolescence: inferences from brain and behavior", Developmental Science, 12(6), pp.825~830 (2009), Wiley[DOI]
  25. Cuevas, K, "What's mom got to do with it? Contributions of maternal executive function and caregiving to the development of executive function across early childhood", Developmental Science, 17(2), pp.224~238 (2014)
  26. Matthew C. Davidson, "Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching", Neuropsychologia, 44(11), pp.2037~2078 (2006), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  27. Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz, "Functional Neuroimaging of Speech Perception in Infants", Science, 298(5600), pp.2013~2015 (2002), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
  28. Diamond, A., "Executive functions", Annual Review of Psychology, 64, pp.135~168 (2013)
  29. Adele Diamond, "Interventions Shown to Aid Executive Function Development in Children 4 to 12 Years Old", Science, 333(6045), pp.959~964 (2011), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)[DOI]
  30. Felver, J. C, "The effects of mindfulness-based intervention on children’s attention regulation", Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(10), pp.872~881 (2017)
  31. Naomi P. Friedman, "Not All Executive Functions Are Related to Intelligence", Psychological Science, 17(2), pp.172~179 (2006), SAGE Publications[DOI]
  32. Margo Gardner, "Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study.", Developmental Psychology, 41(4), pp.625~635 (2005), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  33. Cherie L. Gerstadt, "The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 312–7 years old on a stroop- like day-night test", Cognition, 53(2), pp.129~153 (1994), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  34. Hilde M. Geurts, "How specific are executive functioning deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism?", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(4), pp.836~854 (2004), Wiley[DOI]
  35. Paulo A. Graziano, "The role of emotion regulation in children's early academic success", Journal of School Psychology, 45(1), pp.3~19 (2007), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  36. Guys, S. C., "Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Self-report version professional manual", Psychological Assessment Resources, ~ (2004)
  37. Elisabeth L. Hill, "Executive dysfunction in autism☆", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), pp.26~32 (2004), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  38. Joni Holmes, "Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children", Developmental Science, 12(4), pp.F9~F15 (2009), Wiley[DOI]
  39. Joni Holmes, "Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHD", Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), pp.827~836 (2009), Wiley[DOI]
  40. Hilde M. Huizenga, "Decision-making in healthy children, adolescents and adults explained by the use of increasingly complex proportional reasoning rules", Developmental Science, 10(6), pp.814~825 (2007), Wiley[DOI]
  41. Mariëtte Huizinga, "Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis", Neuropsychologia, 44(11), pp.2017~2036 (2006), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  42. Hur, E, "Parental depressive symptoms and children’s school-readiness : The indirect effect of household chaos", Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), pp.3462~3473 (2015)
  43. Mark H. Johnson, "Executive function and developmental disorders: the flip side of the coin", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(9), pp.454~457 (2012), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  44. Joseph, R. M, "Executive dysfunction and its relation to language ability in verbal school-age children with autism", Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), pp.361~378 (2005)
  45. W. Keith Berg, "The Tower of London Spatial Problem-Solving Task: Enhancing Clinical and Research Implementation", Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(5), pp.586~604 (2002), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  46. Kim, H. K., "Kims fromtal lobe-executive function neuropsychoogical assessment" (2005), Neuropsy
  47. 김은이, "한국판 청소년용 자기보고식 실행기능 질문지(BRIEF-SR)의 타당도 연구", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(2), pp.561~574 (2012), 한국임상심리학회[DOI]
  48. Renee Kleine Deters, "Executive functioning and emotion recognition in youth with oppositional defiant disorder and", or conduct disorder, 2020, pp.21(7), 539~551[DOI]
  49. Klenberg, L, "Differential development of attention and executive functions in 3-to 12-year-old Finnish children", Developmental Neuropsychology, 20(1), pp.407~428 (2001)
  50. Kochanska, G, "Effortful control in early childhood : continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development", Developmental Psychology, 36(2), pp.220~232 (2000)
  51. 구훈정, "아동 색 선로 검사의 표준화 연구", Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(1), pp.28~37 (2008), 대한소아청소년 정신의학회
  52. Kwak, K., "Korean Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 4th edition" (2011), Hakjisa
  53. Teresa Lee, "Genetic Influences on Four Measures of Executive Functions and Their Covariation with General Cognitive Ability: The Older Australian Twins Study", Behavior Genetics, 42(4), pp.528~538 (2012), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]
  54. Noelle R. Leonard, "Mindfulness training improves attentional task performance in incarcerated youth: a group randomized controlled intervention trial", Frontiers in Psychology, 4 (2013), Frontiers Media SA[DOI]
  55. Luciana, M., "The Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics" (2011), Oxford University Press
  56. Lutz, A, "Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(4), pp.163~169 (2008)
  57. Mak, C, "Efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for attention and executive function in children and adolescents—A systematic review", Mindfulness, 9(1), pp.59~78 (2018)
  58. Abigail A. Marsh, "Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: A meta-analysis", Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(3), pp.454~465 (2008), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  59. Gian Marco Marzocchi, "The Disturbing Effect of Irrelevant Information on Arithmetic Problem Solving in Inattentive Children", Developmental Neuropsychology, 21(1), pp.73~92 (2002), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  60. Preschool executive functions in the context of family risk. Executive function in preschool age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment and translational research, "McClelland, M.", American Psychological Association, ~ (2016)
  61. Miller, D. C., "Essentials of school neuropsychological assessment" (2018), Sigmapress
  62. Akira Miyake, "The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis", Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), pp.49~100 (2000), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  63. Terrie E. Moffitt, "A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), pp.2693~2698 (2011), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  64. Terrie E. Moffitt, "A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), pp.2693~2698 (2011), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  65. Terrie E. Moffitt, "A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(7), pp.2693~2698 (2011), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
  66. Joel T. Nigg, "Causal Heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit", Hyperactivity Disorder: Do We Need Neuropsychologically Impaired Subtypes?, 2005, pp.57(11), 1224~1230[DOI]
  67. 박민석, "폭음 대학생의 의사결정 결함: 아이오와 도박과제와 전망 유인가학습 모델을 중심으로", 한국심리학회지: 임상심리 연구와 실제, 6(1), pp.31~48 (2020), 한국임상심리학회[DOI]
  68. 박미영, "ADHD 아동을 위한 컴퓨터 훈련 프로그램 기반 CBT 효과검증", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29(3), pp.639~657 (2010), 한국임상심리학회[DOI]
  69. Peng Peng, "Understanding the Cognition Related to Mathematics Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis on the Cognitive Deficit Profiles and the Bottleneck Theory", Review of Educational Research, 88(3), pp.434~476 (2018), American Educational Research Association (AERA)[DOI]
  70. Reitan, R. M, "Validity of the trail making test as an indication of organic brain damage", Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, pp.271~276 (1958)
  71. Reitan R. M., "Trail Making Test results for normal and brain-damaged children", Perceptual and Motor Skills, 33, pp.575~581 (1971)
  72. Cynthia A. Riccio, "Interventions for Executive Function Deficits in Children and Adolescents", Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 2(2), pp.133~140 (2013), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  73. M. Roca, "The relationship between executive functions and fluid intelligence in Parkinson's disease", Psychological Medicine, 42(11), pp.2445~2452 (2012), Cambridge University Press (CUP)[DOI]
  74. Rubia, K, "Right inferior prefrontal cortex mediates response inhibition while mesial prefrontal cortex is responsible for error detection", Neuroimage, 20(1), pp.351~358 (2003)
  75. Rutter, M., "Developing minds: Challenge and continuity across the life span" (1993), Basic books
  76. Shin, M., "Children’s colar trail test" (2007), Hakjisa
  77. Shin, M., "Korean developmental scoring system for the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure" (2009), Mind Press
  78. 신민섭, "스마트 토이를 활용한 아동용 인지능력 증진 프로그램의 예비 효과 연구", Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(2), pp.106~114 (2017), 대한소아청소년 정신의학회[DOI]
  79. Shin, M., "STROOP color and word test, children’s version" (2007), Hakjisa
  80. Andrew Simpson, "Refining the understanding of inhibitory processes: how response prepotency is created and overcome", Developmental Science, 15(1), pp.62~73 (2011), Wiley[DOI]
  81. Song, H., "Execurtive function and school adaptaion of elementary school students", The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 3(2), pp.31~39 (2011)
  82. Song, H., "Brain based psychological therapy and executive function", The Journal of the Korean Association of Psychotherapy, 4(2), pp.77~87 (2012)
  83. 송현주, "간편형 자기보고식 아동 청소년 집행기능 곤란 질문지 타당화", Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(1), pp.121~137 (2014), 한국임상심리학회[DOI]
  84. Hyunjoo Song, "The relationship between executive functions and IQ in Korean children and the comparison with Chinese children", Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 6(2), pp.158~165 (2016), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  85. Laurence Steinberg, "Cognitive and affective development in adolescence", Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(2), pp.69~74 (2005), Elsevier BV[DOI]
  86. Zsofia K. Takacs, "The efficacy of different interventions to foster children’s executive function skills: A series of meta-analyses.", Psychological Bulletin, 145(7), pp.653~697 (2019), American Psychological Association (APA)[DOI]
  87. Tannock, R., "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder : advances in cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic research", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39(1), pp.65~99 (1998)
  88. Laura A. Thomas, "Development of emotional facial recognition in late childhood and adolescence", Developmental Science, 10(5), pp.547~558 (2007), Wiley[DOI]
  89. Toplak, M. E., "Practitioner review : Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), pp.131~143 (2013)
  90. Tun, P. A., "Telephone assessment of cognitive function in adulthood : the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone", Age and Ageing, 35(6), pp.629~632 (2006)
  91. Ursache, A, "Emotional reactivity and regulation in infancy interact to predict executive functioning in early childhood", Developmental Psychology, 49(1), pp.127~ (2013)
  92. van de Weijer-Bergsma, E, "Individual differences in developmental trajectories of A-not-B performance in infants born preterm", Developmental Neuropsychology, 35(6), pp.605~621 (2010)
  93. Wechsler, D., "The measurement of adult intelligence" (1944), Williams and Wilkins
  94. Wechsler, D., "Wechsler intelligence scale for children—4th edition (WISC-IV®)" (2003), The Psychological Corporation
  95. Willoughby, M. T, "The measurement of executive function at age 3 years : psychometric properties and criterion validity of a new battery of tasks", Psychological Assessment, 22(2), pp.306~317 (2010)
  96. Willoughby, M. T, "Executive function in early childhood : longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change", Psychological Assessment, 24(2), pp.418~431 (2012)
  97. 유한익, "국내 아동 및 청소년 주의력 평가를 위한 종합주의력검사의 표준화 연구", Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(2), pp.68~75 (2009), 대한소아청소년 정신의학회
  98. Philip David Zelazo, "The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children", Nature Protocols, 1(1), pp.297~301 (2006), Springer Science and Business Media LLC[DOI]

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (5건)