漢代 華夷觀의 전개와 성격

Abstract

This paper is to find out how Hua-yi, or sinocentrism, was understood and interpreted by the gentry during the Han Period of China and to identify the developments specific to each time period. To find out, the views of the following men on sinocentrism were analyzed: Jiayi under Emperor Wendi of Former Han Dynasty; Wenxue under Emperor Wudi;Xiaowangzhi under Emperor Xuandi; Bangu and Hexiu of the Later Han Dynasty. Jiayi, who desired to build a new empire, claimed they needed to install the office dedicated to the Xiongnu and to deal with them in an aggressive manner – quite contrary to the widespread sentiment of the time. This sinocentric view was caused by the need to strengthen the authority and power of emperors in order to allow intellectuals to the government, or from the Zuozhuanxue tradition with a strong stance toward the barbarians. Jiayi argued for “sanbiao”, the detailed methodology, in order to distort the reality that is under the pressure of barbarians. Jiayi emphasized the civilizing influence of the kingship and this was inherited by the Wenxue during the time of Emperor Wudi. Wenxue understood Wudi conquering the Xiongnu as the culmination of extravagance that exhausted China. They claimed that the barbarians will rush to serve China if the Emperors would rule the world with virtue, based on the moderate separation between the Chinese and the barbarians. With Xuandi was enthroned, he wished to serve Wudi as his role model, thereby re-interpreting the sinocentric view. It was during this time that Xiaowangzhi asserted that the king never regards the barbarians as his subjects in the apocrypha. It was the revival of the traditional the sinocentric view and the check on the strong emperorship. He believed that the military campaign against the barbarians that betrayed China will ultimately lead to the abolition of the separation of the Chinese and the barbarians and unitary government of the Emperor on the barbarians. He therefore believed that China and the Xiongnu should not create the relationship of sovereign and subject between them in the first place. Bangu of Later Han treated the barbarians as beasts, strongly opposed to their naturalization. Such strict separation came from Bangu’s personal experience in the war with the Xiongnu and his belief that the Chinese civilization is better than any. Fundamentally, it was caused by the Xiongnu, which requested peace but never ceasing to loot China on the other hand. On the contrary, Hexiu of Later Han Dynasty said that the barbarians can be enlightened, and that they can receive a rank if they are assimilated in the Chinese civilization. Such view can also be understood in terms of the logical coherence of Hexiu, but it was the result of the change of perspective on the barbarians due to the continued communication and exchange between China and the barbarians since the Former Han Dynasty.