고려∼조선 전기 발해사 자료에 인용된 중국 사서

Abstract

The literature cited by the Chinese side with the name of the historical data of the period up to the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, which was included in the Balhae History Data Series, was analyzed. Samguksagi(『三國史記』) mostly referred to Shindangseo(『新唐書』), Gudangseo(『舊唐書』), Balhaejeon(渤海傳) and Chaebuwongu(『冊府元龜』) for the records that did not disclose the source other than Gatam(賈躭)’s Gogeumgungukji(『古今郡國志』). The article on Balhae in Samguksagi was re-quoted in later records of Balhae history. Samgukyusa(『三國遺事』) reflected the history of Balhae as part of Korean history by setting up the Malgal Balhae(靺鞨渤海) article in the Gii section(紀異篇). Among the various materials cited in Malgalbalhaejo, Chinese literature includes Tongjeon(『通典』), Gungukji (『郡國志』), HuWuiseo(『後魏書』), Jijangdo(『指掌圖』). Jewangungi(『帝王韻紀』) also deals with Balhae as part of Korean history. It describes the founding of Balhae and the refugees of Balhae, and quotes the contents of ‘Malgal from Balhae’s origin’ in Ohdaesa(『五代史』). The fact that Balhae was founded near Mt.Taebaek(太白山) indicates that Balhae was first settled in this area during the founding process. Yeokongpaeseol(『櫟翁稗說』) quoted the record of Zizhi-Tongjian(『資治通鑑』), ‘the time between Balhae and Goryeo(高麗) were married’. Joseon(朝鮮), which was founded following Goryeo, set out to organize the history of the Goryeo period in order to confirm the legitimacy of its founding in history. It is in line with the contents of Sindangseo Balhaejeon and Yosa(『遼史』), the basic perception of Balhae in Goryeosa(『高麗史』) and Goryeosajeolyo(『高麗史節要』). ‘Koguryo Indaejoyeong(高勾麗人大祚榮)’, a major perception of Balhae in Goryeosa and Goryeosajeolyo, is ‘渤海靺鞨大祚榮者, 本高麗別種也’ in Gudangseo before Balhae, and ‘渤海本粟末靺鞨’ in Shindangseo before Balhae. A word that is too congruent. In the end, Dae Jo-yeong(大祚榮) means Koguryo people(高句麗人). Samguksajeolyo(『三國史節要』) is a chronicle of history published in 1476, and it quotes a lot of contents from Shindangseo Balhaejeon. ‘渤海本粟末靺鞨, 卽高勾麗別種’ in Samguksajeolyo means ‘Balhae is the one who speaks secretly, that is, Koguryo byeoljong’, which is in line with Goryeosa and Goryeosajeolyo, ‘高勾麗人大祚榮’. The perception that Sokmalmalgal(粟末靺鞨) is a Koguryo byeoljong(高句麗別種) and a Koguryo people(高句麗人) is a common perception of Balhae history in the early Joseon Dynasty, and Balhae history materials after that also followed. Furthermore, Balhae in the late Joseon Dynasty became a clue to the perception that it was Korean history. The description of the history of Balhae in Dongguktonggam(『東國通鑑』) has many similarities with the contents of Samguksajeolyo as a whole. Dongguktonggam considers Sokmalmalgal as a Koguryo byeoljong, that is, Koguryo people, just like Samguksajeolyo. The fact that Dongguktonggam describes the history of Balhae together with the history of Silla is not small in terms of the systemic perception of Korean history. It is clear that Dongguktonggam regards Silla as authentic among Silla and Balhae, but it does not exclude the history of Balhae from our history. Dongguktonggam cited Songsha(『宋史』) for the first time in Joseon in relation to Daenanha(大鸞河), a refugee from Balhae. The contents related to the founding of Balhae, Haedong Seongguk(海東盛國), geography, destruction, and Goryeo in Dongguktonggam had a great influence on the perception of Balhae in Joseon.