GMOs에 대한 미국과 EU의 정책 비교연구
A Study on GMOs policy in the US and in the EU
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GMOs는 산업구조를 변화시키는데 핵심적인 역할을 할 것으로 전망된다. 그렇지만, GMOs를 둘러싸고 있는 경제적·산업적 이익과 위해 우려에 대한 찬반양론은 무역과 관련한 자유주의기조와 보호주의기조를 병존케 하고 있 다. GMOs 관련 통상정책성향은 사회체제의 다양한 내생적 정치-경제요인 에 의해 형성된 것으로 GMOs 관련 활동, 즉 연구개발, 상업화, 생산, 소 비 및 무역 등에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 미국과 EU 를 대상으로 GMOs에 대한 규제체제 및 특성을 분석하고 상업화가 많이 진 전되어 있는 GM 작물을 중심으로 GMOs 관련 활동 현황과 실태를 측정 또는 추정 가능한 수준에서 파악함으로서 정책성향의 영향을 살펴보았다. 고찰결과, 규제체제 및 특성과 이에 따른 GMOs 관련 활동에 있어서 서 로 대별되는 경향을 보이고 있는 것으로 확인되고 있다. 먼저, Porter(1990), Spriggs and Isaac(2001)에 기초한 규제 기능적 맥락에서 볼 때, 미국 은 유전자변형의 기술적 프로세스가 그 자체로 인간 건강 및 환경에 위해 성가 없다는 전제하에 경제적 이해의 증진을 위한 기술진보, 즉 GMOs를 경제적 이익의 증진과 국가의 번영을 위한 촉진수단으로 간주하고 있다. 반 면, EU는 유전자변형의 기술적 프로세스가 그 자체로 인간 건강 및 환경에 위해성이 있다는 전제하에 사회구성원의 위험염려에 반응, 즉 GMOs를 사 회적·경제적 정당성 확보를 위한 규제대상으로 간주하고 있다. 미국과 EU 간 규제 기능의 차이로 말미암아 GMOs 관련 활동, 즉 연구개발, 재배, 식 품·사료·가공원료 이용, 생산, 소비 및 무역 측면에서 매우 대비되는 현 상이 일어나고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. EU는 모든 GMOs 활동에 있어 미 국에 비해 극히 미약한 수준인 것으로 나타났으며, 이로 인한 EU의 경제 적·산업적 손실은 상당한 것으로 나타났다. 그렇지만, 본 연구는 GMOs 정책이 사회적 차원의 활동에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 파악하지 못했다.
Abstract
GMOs will have significant effects in the future on industrial structure. Societal debates about the economic and industrial benefits, and the risks surrounding GMOs, however, is currently positioned as a one of the most significant and contentious societal debates globally, which explain why the liberalism and the protectionism for GMOs trade in countries around world coexist. Regulatory characteristic on GMOs affected by endogenous politicaleconomic factors within socially constructed system, which may influence directly the activities related to GMOs, such as R&D, commercialization, production, consumption, trade and so forth. This paper studies on the effects of regulatory characteristic relating to GMOs on GMOs activities by focusing on the US and EU. I confirm that GMOs regulatory characteristic of the US contrasts with that of the EU, which is a cause of incredible difference in GMOs activity between two regions. The US’s regulation on GMOs seeks after improvement in economic interests on the assumption that the technological process of genetic modification itself is not risky to human health and the environment. It implies that the US regards GMOs as the method to enhance its economic competitiveness and prosperity. On the other hand, the objective of the EU's regulation is to respond to the concern of the member within social system on the assumption that the technological process of genetic modification itself is risky to human health and environment. It means that the EU regards GMOs as barriers in ensuring the social and economic legitimacy. The difference in degrees of GMOs activities including R&D, commercialization, production, consumption and trade between two regions has been causing by the difference in their GMOs regulatory characteristic. Such contrast contributes why there is a great difference between the US and the EU in terms of GMOs activities such as R&D, commercialization, production, consumption and trade. The degree of GMOs activities in the EU than those in the US are currently positioned as a much more lower, which contributes to explaining why the EU suffers huge economic losses. GMOs activities in Korea emphasizing social function of the regulation also may be restricted or contracted like the EU did. To not follow in the wake of the EU, Korean government should have the tone policy that is open to the probabilities for the creation of economic and industrial benefits, and the safety issues. Policies directed toward harmonizing the existing laws with the economic function, hence, should get the highest priority in the short term. However, it should be borne in mind that in the long term, efforts directed toward the construction of the laws and the institutions that maintain the balance in two functions, economic and social should get the highest priority.
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