바이오안전성 의정서와 WTO간 관계 분석 : 규제특성을 중심으로
A Study on the relationship between Protocol on Biosafety and WTO
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초록
2003년 9월 11일부로 바이오안전성의정서가 발효되었다. 동 의정서는 WTO 규정과 상호지지적이고 조화롭게 운영되어야 한다. 그렇지만, 바이오안전성의정서는 사전예방원칙에 입각하여 LMOs가 초래할 인체 및 환경에 대한 위해를 회피하거나 최소화하기 위하여 LMOs의 국가간 이동을 제한 할 수 있음을 규정하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 규제신념, 패러다임, 규제초점, 실질적 동등성, 위험평가요소, 사전예방원칙, 위험관리요소, 라벨링, 공공참여 등의 측면에서 바이오안전성의정서의 LMOs 규제특성과 안전성확보를 위한 WTO 규정특성을 분석하고, 이를 토대로 양자간 조화가능성을 살펴보았다. 분석 결과, 바이오안전성의정서는 현대 생명공학기술이 자체적으로 가지는 인체 및 환경에 대한 잠재적인 부정적 영향을 인식하고, 기술, 공정 및 생산방식에 규제준거를 두어 사회적 기대와 요구를 수렴하는 사회적 반응을 통한 기술적 사전예방(technological precaution)을 추구하고 있다. 이에 과학적 위험요인뿐만 아니라 여타 사회·경제적 요인을 고려한 위험평가와 위험관리정책의 수행을 보장하고 있다. 반면, WTO는 과학적 정당성에 준거하여 경제적 기능을 통한 시장효율성 및 효과성 증진과 기술진보(technological progress)를 추구하고 있다. 즉, 과학적·개관적 위험요인에 근거한 위험평가와 실제위험의 예방 및 절감을 위한 위험관리정책의 수행을 지지하고 있다 결국, 라벨링을 제외한 대부분의 측면에서 바이오안전성의정서와 WTO 규정간 충돌가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 더군다나 GATT의 ‘필요성 요건’, ‘비례성 요건’, ‘최소무역제한요건’의 엄격한 적용은 식품위험으로부터 인간 또는 동물의 생명 또는 건강보호 또는 환경보호를 위한 LMOs와 관련된 무역제한조치의 수행을 어렵게 할 것이다. 그렇기 때문에, WTO 규정의 개정을 통해 LMOs의 국가간 이동에 대한 적절한 보호수준을 보장하기 위한 국제적 노력이 필요하며, 그 중 바이오안전성의정서와 WTO 규정간 상호 수용가능한 무역조치에 관한 국제적 합의는 선행조건이 될 것이다.
Abstract
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety(Biosafety Protocol) entered into force on 11 September 2003. This Protocol and WTO rule should be mutually supportive with a view to achieving sustainable development. This paper analyzes regulatory characteristic on the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO rules for safety and environmental protection. The Biosafety Protocol is characterized according to social rationality paradigm. Accordingly the Protocol support technological precaution and social responsiveness. On the other hand the WTO's rules for safety and environmental protection is characterized according to scientific rationality paradigm. So the WTO supports improvement of market efficiency and effectiveness through free trade and technological progress. Taking into account regulatory characteristic of the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO rules, the WTO is incompatible with the Biosafety Protocol excepting the labelling requirements. Moreover, taking into account a strict application of necessity, proportionality and least trade restrictiveness by a WTO, it seems likely to be more difficult that the trade measures of LMOs under the Biosafety Protocol will be ensured the justification by the WTO rules. To ensure an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transboundary of LMOs, the WTO rules for safety and envionmental protection must be revised. The ideal regulatory framework build the WTO rules into scientific rationality paradigm based social credence. International consensus of mutual acceptable measures between the Biosafety Protocol and the WTO is a condition precedent in order to achieve this.
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