장애의 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁 고찰
A review of the impairment debate surrounding the social model of disability
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본 논문은 장애의 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁을 비판적으로 검토하여 후속 논의의 토대를 제공하는 것에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 사회적 모델의 개요와 이 모델이 손상 문제를 논의에서 배제한 과정을 살펴본 후 이를 비판한 2세대 장애학의 주요 이론들을 문헌 연구를 통해 분석하였다. 여성주의 장애학자들은 손상의 개인적 경험을 장애학에서 공론화하기 시작했으나, 사회적 모델의 기조를 유지하면서 개인적 요소를 강조함으로써 사회적 모델 본연의 의미를 약화시키는 한계를 보였다. 후기구조주의자들은 손상 또한 담론의 구성물임을 강조하면서 범주화의 문제와 정체성 정치의 폐해를 예리하게 비판했으나, 관찰자로 머무르며 개선안을 마련하는 데는 무력한 모습을 보였다. 손상의 사회학은 장애의 체현의 측면을 논하고 손상의 사회적, 문화적 의미를 부각시켰으나, 지나치게 문화적으로 경도되어서 장애 현상의 사회경제적 측면을 간과했다는 한계를 지닌다. 비판적 실재론은 손상 논쟁에서 쟁점화된 다양한 사안들을 포괄적으로 연구할 수 있는 장을 제공하나 현재로선 손상의 실재성을 분명히 했다는 것 이외의 별다른 성과를 내지 못하고 있다. 이상의 논의들은 다양한 차원에서 장애에 대한 인식의 지평을 넓혀주었지만, 지나치게 상이한 존재론적, 이론적, 방법론적 토대 위에서 각기 다른 지향점을 가지고 논의를 전개하고 있어서 이들을 통합하거나 모든 입장을 포괄하는 새로운 모델을 구성하는 작업은 쉽지 않아 보인다. 본 연구에서는 그러한 통합적 작업을 포함한 후속 논의의 토대를 제공하기 위해, 사회적 모델을 둘러싼 손상 논쟁의 쟁점들, 그리고 각 입장의 의미와 한계를 비판적으로 검토하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for further discussions in the area of disability studies by critically examining the impairment debate surrounding the social model of disability. This paper demonstrates how the social model excludes the concept of impairment from the discussion on disability and then critically analyzes the major theories of the second generation of disability studies. Feminist disability scholars began publicizing the importance of personal experiences of impairment in disability studies, but by simply adding individual aspects to the social model, they demonstrated limitations in weakening the original meaning of the social model. Post-structuralists sharply criticize the problem of categorization and identity politics, emphasizing that impairment is likewise a construct of discourse, but they remain observers and are helpless to develop solutions. The sociology of impairment underscores the aspect of the embodiment of disability and emphasizes the social and cultural meaning of impairment, but it has a limitation in that it overlooks the socioeconomic aspect of disability because it is too culturally inclined. Critical realism provides on opportunity to comprehensively address various issues raised in the impairment debate, but at present, it has produced no significant results other than clarifying the ontological reality of impairment. Although the aforementioned discussions have broadened the horizon of the understanding of disability in various dimensions, they were developed with various orientations on significantly different ontological, theoretical, and methodological foundations, so it is difficult to develop a synthesis or even a new model that encompasses all the positions. What is needed at least at this point is to examine the issues raised in the impairment debate and to clearly understand the strength and weaknesses or each position.
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